NURS 612 Exam 4 Questions with Correct Answers 100% Verified By Experts| Latest Update
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Chemical Factors that Impact Genetics and Epigenetics: Cocaine •cocaine is shown to cause
preterm births, growth retardation, microcephaly, neurologic deficits, limb size reduction,
hydronephrosis, and ambiguous genitalia. The higher the dose, the worse the manifestations
•Cocaine can interfere with the blood supply to the placenta, can cause strokes that count for
the CNS deficits
•Cocaine prevents serotonine and catecholamine reuptake in the CNS synapses changing
brain's normal chemistry
•Can cause genetic abnormalities like accelerated apoptosis that might count for CV
abnormalities
The first tRNA to bind always carries what amino acid? Methionine
Innate Immunity natural barrier that form the first line of defense at the body's surfaces and
are present at birth
Innate Immunity First Line of Defense (3) 1. Physical barriers- -Epithelium of the skin,
respiratory, GU, and GU tracts
2. Epithelial cell-derived chemicals- Mucus, enzymes in tears, saliva, antimicrobial peptides in
skin, GI tract, lactic acid in skin which lower skin pH, defensins
3. Micobiome- Colonization of skin, mucous membranes, Produces enzymes, vitamins, protects
against pathogens, helps in adaptive immunity
Innate Immunity Second Line of Defense: Inflammation dynamic process programed to
respond to cell injury irrespective to location or the aggressor
1. occurs in vascular areas
2. occurs within seconds of damage
3. depends on activity of both cellular and chemical components
4. nonspecific
,Humoral Soluble in blood; defense mechanism arising from antibodies in the blood
Five signs of inflammation redness, heat, swelling, pain, loss of function
Acute Inflammation: Vascular Phase After injury or insult, inflammation initiates a rapid
vasoconstriction of small vessels in the local area
•This vasoconstriction is then followed by a rapid vasodilatation of arterioles and venules
(vasoactive hyperemia) that supply the local area.
•Capillary permeability increases and fluid moves into the tissues (edema) causing swelling and
pain.
Acute Inflammation: Cellular Phase Movement of phagocytic cells into the site of injury,
release of chemical mediators by sentinel cells (mast cells, basophils, macrophages), and
increasing capillary permeability allowing leukocytes to migrate to the local area.
Three steps of Phagocytosis 1. Adherence and diapedesis- the passage of blood cells
through the intact walls of the capillaries (neutrophils in the case of inflammation)
2. Tissue invasion by chemotaxis- neutrophil detects chemotactic factors and moves towards
higher concentrations
3. Phagocytosis- microorganism in ingested
Acute Inflammatory Response Diagram
Opsonization An immune response in which the binding of antibodies to the surface of a
microbe *facilitates phagocytosis* of the the microbe by a macrophage
Anaphylatoxins induce rapid degranulation of mast cells (i.e. release of histamine that
induces vasodilation and increases capillary permeability), a major cellular component of
inflammation
, What is the effector of the compliment system which directly kills the bacteria? C5b
Protease Enzyme that breaks down proteins
Plasmin an enzyme that dissolves the fibrin of blood clots
What is an example of a kininase in the lungs? ACE
Cytokines: Mediators of inflammatory processes
What are the main three pro-inflammatory cytokines? 1. Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha
2. Interleukin-1
3. Interleukin-6
Interferons proteins (cytokines) that protect against viral infections and modulate the
immune response
When stimulated, mast cells release ________, in response to binding of IgE Antibodies
histamine
Arachidonic Metabolism can be blocked by _______ medications corticosteroid
Cyclooxygenase Metabolism can be blocked by ______ and ________ Apsirin and NSAIDs
What is the first-line defender against bacterial invasion? Neutrophils
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Chemical Factors that Impact Genetics and Epigenetics: Cocaine •cocaine is shown to cause
preterm births, growth retardation, microcephaly, neurologic deficits, limb size reduction,
hydronephrosis, and ambiguous genitalia. The higher the dose, the worse the manifestations
•Cocaine can interfere with the blood supply to the placenta, can cause strokes that count for
the CNS deficits
•Cocaine prevents serotonine and catecholamine reuptake in the CNS synapses changing
brain's normal chemistry
•Can cause genetic abnormalities like accelerated apoptosis that might count for CV
abnormalities
The first tRNA to bind always carries what amino acid? Methionine
Innate Immunity natural barrier that form the first line of defense at the body's surfaces and
are present at birth
Innate Immunity First Line of Defense (3) 1. Physical barriers- -Epithelium of the skin,
respiratory, GU, and GU tracts
2. Epithelial cell-derived chemicals- Mucus, enzymes in tears, saliva, antimicrobial peptides in
skin, GI tract, lactic acid in skin which lower skin pH, defensins
3. Micobiome- Colonization of skin, mucous membranes, Produces enzymes, vitamins, protects
against pathogens, helps in adaptive immunity
Innate Immunity Second Line of Defense: Inflammation dynamic process programed to
respond to cell injury irrespective to location or the aggressor
1. occurs in vascular areas
2. occurs within seconds of damage
3. depends on activity of both cellular and chemical components
4. nonspecific
,Humoral Soluble in blood; defense mechanism arising from antibodies in the blood
Five signs of inflammation redness, heat, swelling, pain, loss of function
Acute Inflammation: Vascular Phase After injury or insult, inflammation initiates a rapid
vasoconstriction of small vessels in the local area
•This vasoconstriction is then followed by a rapid vasodilatation of arterioles and venules
(vasoactive hyperemia) that supply the local area.
•Capillary permeability increases and fluid moves into the tissues (edema) causing swelling and
pain.
Acute Inflammation: Cellular Phase Movement of phagocytic cells into the site of injury,
release of chemical mediators by sentinel cells (mast cells, basophils, macrophages), and
increasing capillary permeability allowing leukocytes to migrate to the local area.
Three steps of Phagocytosis 1. Adherence and diapedesis- the passage of blood cells
through the intact walls of the capillaries (neutrophils in the case of inflammation)
2. Tissue invasion by chemotaxis- neutrophil detects chemotactic factors and moves towards
higher concentrations
3. Phagocytosis- microorganism in ingested
Acute Inflammatory Response Diagram
Opsonization An immune response in which the binding of antibodies to the surface of a
microbe *facilitates phagocytosis* of the the microbe by a macrophage
Anaphylatoxins induce rapid degranulation of mast cells (i.e. release of histamine that
induces vasodilation and increases capillary permeability), a major cellular component of
inflammation
, What is the effector of the compliment system which directly kills the bacteria? C5b
Protease Enzyme that breaks down proteins
Plasmin an enzyme that dissolves the fibrin of blood clots
What is an example of a kininase in the lungs? ACE
Cytokines: Mediators of inflammatory processes
What are the main three pro-inflammatory cytokines? 1. Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha
2. Interleukin-1
3. Interleukin-6
Interferons proteins (cytokines) that protect against viral infections and modulate the
immune response
When stimulated, mast cells release ________, in response to binding of IgE Antibodies
histamine
Arachidonic Metabolism can be blocked by _______ medications corticosteroid
Cyclooxygenase Metabolism can be blocked by ______ and ________ Apsirin and NSAIDs
What is the first-line defender against bacterial invasion? Neutrophils
