Ax x x x x x x x x x x
x
,Chapter 1 Test A
as as as
MULTIPLE CHOICE as
INSTRUCTIONS: The following selections relate to distinguishing arguments from as as as as as as as as
nonargumentsand identifying conclusions. Select the best answer for each.
as as as as as as as as as
1. There appears to be a growing happiness gap between men and women. Women today are
as as as as as as a s as as as as as as as
workingmore and relaxing less, while men are working less and relaxing more.
a s as a s as a s as a s a s a s a s a s a s
Forty years ago a typical woman spent 40 minutes more per week than the typical man
as a s as as as as as as a s a s as a s as as as a s
performing an activity considered unpleasant. Today, with men working less, the gap is 90
as as as as as as as as as as as as as as
minutes and growing.
as as a s
a. Argument; conclusion: Today ... the gap is 90 minutes and growing. a s a s as a s a s a s a s a s a s a s
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; conclusion: Forty years ago ... an activity considered unpleasant.
a s a s a s as as a s as as a s
d. Argument; conclusion: There appears to be ... between men and women. a s a s a s a s a s a s a s as a s a s
e. Argument; conclusion: Women today are working more and as as as as as as as
as relaxing less.ANS: as a s D PTS: 2 a s a s
2. Lead is toxic, but do you know why? Lead is toxic mainly because it preferentially replaces
as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as
other metals in biochemical reactions. In so doing it interferes with the proteins that regulate
as as as as as a s as as as as as as as as as
blood pressure(which can cause development delays in children and high blood
as as a s a s a s a s a s a s a s a s a s
pressure in adults), heme production(which can lead to anemia), and sperm production.
a s a s a s as as as a s as as a s as as
Lead also displaces calcium in the reactions that transmit electrical impulses in the
a s as as as as a s as a s a s a s a s a s a s
brain, which diminishes the ability to think and recall information.
as a s a s a s as as as as as as
Anne Marie Helmstine, "Your Guide to Chemistry" a s as a s a s a s a s
a. Argument; conclusion: It interferes with the proteins ... and sperm production.
a s a s a s a s as as a s a s a s as
b. Argument; conclusion: Lead is toxic. a s a s a s as
c. Nonargument.
d. Argument; conclusion: It preferentially replaces other metals in biochemical reactions.
as a s a s as a s a s as as a s
e. Argument; conclusion: Lead also displaces calcium ... as as as as as as
as recall information.ANS:
as a s C PTS: 2 a s
3. Aristotle focused on clarifying the concept of virtue itself. He argued that it was virtuous
as as as as as a s a s as a s as as a s a s a s
to choose theproper amount of emotion and/or action called for in a particular situation and
as as as as a s as as as as as as as as as as
that extremes of emotion and action were vices. In all communities there are some men of
as a s as as as as as as as as as as as as as a s
practical wisdom who have the capacity to judge wisely. Aristotle argued that they have
as as as a s as as as as as as as as as as
the capacity to follow the "right rule" whatever the situation.
as as as as as as as as as as
David Cooper, Value Pluralism and Ethical Choice a s a s as as as as
a. Argument; conclusion: In all communities ... capacity to judge wisely.a s a s a s a s a s a s as as a s
b. Argument; conclusion: Aristotle focused on clarifying the concept of virtue itself.
a s a s as as a s as a s a s a s as
c. Argument; conclusion: They have the capacity to follow ... the situation.
a s a s a s a s a s as a s a s a s a s
d. Argument; conclusion: He argued that it was virtuous ... were vices a s a s as a s a s a s a s as a s a s
e. Nonargument.
ANS: E PTS: 2
4. Illegal immigrants pay local sales taxes, and many of them also pay state, local, and
a s a s a s a s a s a s a s a s a s as a s as a s a s
federal income taxand Social Security tax. They also purchase items from local
a s as a s as a s a s a s a s as a s a s a s
merchants, increasing the amount these merchants pay in taxes. In addition, they
a s a s as as a s a s a s a s a s a s a s a s
work for low salaries, which increases the earnings of their employers and the
a s a s a s a s a s as a s a s as as a s as as
asamount of taxes these employers pay. Thus, it is not correct to say that illegal
a s as as as as as as as as as as as as a s
immigrants contribute nothing to the communities in which they live.
as as as as as as as as as as
a. Argument; conclusion: It is not correct to say ... communities in which they live.
a s a s a s a s a s a s as as a s a s a s as a s
1
, b. Argument; conclusion: They work for low salaries ... these employers pay.
a s a s a s as a s a s a s as a s a s
c. Argument; conclusion: Illegal immigrants pay ... Social Security tax.
a s a s a s as as a s a s as
d. Argument; conclusion: They also purchase items ... pay in taxes. a s a s as a s a s a s a s as a s
e. Nonargument.
ANS: A PTS: 2
5. Numerous studies have indicated that women of color, black women in particular, are over-
as as as as as as as as as as as as as
arrested, over-indicted, and over-sentenced. African-American women are seven times
a s a s a s a s a s as a s as as
more likely to be arrested for prostitution than women of other ethnic groups. Black women
a s as as as as as as as as as a s a s as as as
have received significantly longer sentences for crimes against property and served longer
as as as as as as as as as as as as
periods in prison. For both murder anddrug offenses, Euroamerican women ended up serving
as as as as as as as as as as as as as
one-third less time for the same offenses than black women.
as as as as as as as as as as
Nancy Kurshan, "Women and Imprisonment in the as as a s a s a s as
U.S." a s
a. Argument; conclusion: African-American women ... other ethnic groups. as a s as as as a s as
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; conclusion: For both murder and drug offenses ... black women. a s a s a s a s a s a s as a s a s as
d. Argument; conclusion: Numerous studies have indicated ... over-sentenced. a s as as a s as as as
e. Argument; conclusion: Black women have received ... longer periods as as as as as as as as
as in prison.ANS:
as B PTS: 2 a s a s
6. It's even more important these days that your computer be protected by a firewall.
a s as as as as as as as a s as as as as
a There are criminal elements lurking in the shadows of cyberspace who send out probes to
s as as as as as as as as as as as as as as
detect unprotected PCs. Once avulnerable computer is found, these criminals install
as a s as as as as as as as as as
software that assists them in committing identity theft and fencing stolen IDs. They also
as as as as as as as as as as as as as as
defraud online advertisers by using these zombie computers tofvisit pay-per-click ads.
as as a s as as as as as as as
a. Argument; conclusion: There are criminal elements ... to detect unprotected PCs.
a s a s as a s a s a s as a s as a s
b. Argument; conclusion: Once a vulnerable computer ... fencing stolen IDs. a s a s a s a s a s a s a s as a s
c. Nonargument.
d. Argument; conclusion: They also defraud ... to visit pay-per-click ads. a s a s as a s a s as a s a s as
e. Argument; conclusion: It's even more important ... protected by as as as as as as as as
a s a firewall.ANS:E PTS: 2
as as a s
7. The earth is of interest to astronomy for many reasons. Nearly all
a s a s a s a s a s a s a s a s a s a s a s
aobservations must be made through the atmosphere, and the phenomena of the
s a s a s as a s a s a s a s a s a s a s a s
upper atmosphere and the magnetosphere reflect the state of interplanetary space. The earth is
a s a s a s a s as as as as as as as as as as
also the most important object of comparison for planetologists.
as as as as as as as as as
Hannu Karttunen, et al., Fundamental Astronomy a s as as a s as
a. Argument; conclusion: The phenomena ... state of interplanetary space. a s a s as a s a s as a s as
b. Argument; conclusion: The earth is also ... for planetologists. a s a s a s a s a s a s a s a s
c. Argument; conclusion: The earth is of interest to astronomy. a s as as as a s a s a s as
d. Nonargument.
e. Argument; conclusion: Nearly all observations ... through as as as as as as
as the atmosphere.ANS:
as C PTS: 2 a s
8. If the trade in tiger products is banned, tiger reserves are guarded by well equipped staff,
as as as as as a s as as as a s as as as a s as
communitiesabutting tiger habitat are given a stake in protecting tigers, and
as a s a s a s a s a s a s a s a s a s a s
a the makers of traditional medicines canbe persuaded that tiger parts are not needed, then
s a s a s as as as as as as as as as as as
tiger poaching will be halted, habitat and life sustaining prey will be restored, and the
as as as as a s a s as as as as as as as as as
immanent extinction of tigers in the wild will be averted.
as a s as as as as as as as as
a. Nonargument.
b. Argument; conclusion: The trade in tiger products is banned. a s a s as a s a s a s a s a s
c. Argument; conclusion: Tiger poaching will be halted. a s as a s as as a s
d. Argument; conclusion: The makers of traditional medicines ... not needed. a s a s as a s as a s a s a s a s
2
, e. Argument; conclusion: Tiger poaching will be halted ... will as as as as as as as as
as be averted.ANS:as A PTS: 2 a s a s
9. Humans are biological organisms. To understand our behavior and mental processes, we need to
as as as as as as as as as as as as as
understand their biological underpinnings, starting with the cellular level, the
a s a s a s a s a s a s a s a s a s a s
neuron. How we feel, learn, remember, and think all stem from neuronal activity.
a s a s as as a s a s a s as a s as a s a s a s
So, how a neuron works and how neuronscommunicate are crucial pieces of
a s a s as a s a s as as a s a s a s a s a s
information in solving the puzzle of human behavior and mental processing.
a s a s a s a s a s a s as a s as as as
Richard Griggs, Psychology: A Concise Introduction as a s a s as as
a. Argument; conclusion: To understand our behavior ... the neuron. a s a s as a s a s a s as a s
b. Argument; conclusion: Humans are biological organisms. as a s as as a s
c. Argument; conclusion: How we feel ... neuronal activity. a s a s a s as a s a s a s
d. Argument; conclusion: How a neuron works ... mental processing. a s a s a s a s a s a s a s as
e. Nonargument.
ANS: D PTS: 2
10. Viruses are acellular entities too small to be seen with a light microscope. They are
as as as as as as as as as as as as as as
composed of a nucleic acid and a few proteins. Viruses replicate themselves and display
as as as a s as as as as as a s as as as as
other properties of living organisms only when they have invaded living cells. Indeed, some
as as a s as as a s as as as as as as as as
viruses can be crystallized and stored in a container on a shelf for years, but they retain
as as as as as as as as as a s as as as a s as as as
the capacity to invade cells and cause disease.
as as as as as as as as
Jacquelyn C. Black, Microbiology: Principles and Explorations as a s a s as as as
a. Argument; conclusion: They are composed of a nucleic acid and a few proteins. a s a s a s a s a s a s a s a s a s a s a s a s
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; conclusion: Viruses are acellular entities ... microscope. a s a s as as a s a s a s
d. Argument; conclusion: Indeed, some viruses can be crystallized ... cause disease. a s a s a s a s a s a s as a s a s a s
e. Argument; conclusion: Viruses replicate themselves ... invaded as as as as as as
as living cells.ANS: as B PTS: 2 a s a s
11. Harnessing the clean, abundant energy of the sun and wind is critical a s a s a s a s a s a s a s a s a s a s a s
a to solving the global warming problem. Technological advances have brought the cost of
s a s a s as as as as as as as as as as
electricity generated by the wind down by82 percent since 1981. Solar energy
as as a s as a s as as as a s a s as a s
technology has made remarkable progress as new photovoltaic cells have been developed
as a s a s a s as a s as as as as as as
to convert even greater amounts of sunlight directly into electricity. Todaythe costs of wind
as as as as as as a s as as as as as as
and solar power are becoming competitive with dirty coal- fired plants.
as as as as as as as as as as as
Sierra Club, "Global Warming Solutions" as as a s as
a. Argument; conclusion: Today the costs of wind ... dirty coal-fired plants. a s a s as a s a s a s a s a s as a s
b. Argument; conclusion: Technological advances ... by 82 percent since 1981. a s a s a s a s a s as a s a s a s
c. Argument; conclusion: Harnessing the clean ... the global warming problem. a s a s as a s a s as a s a s as
d. Nonargument.
e. Argument; conclusion: Solar energy technology ... directly as as as as as as
as into electricity.ANS: as D a s PTS: 2 a s
12. It is likely that innocent prisoners in this country have been executed for crimes they
a s a s as a s as a s as as a s a s a s as a s a s
did not commit. From 1973 until 2007, 124 death row inmates have been exonerated. In many
a s as as as as as as as as as as a s as as as as
of these cases DNA evidence played a crucial role. Yet, in that same time frame, more
as as a s as as as as a s as a s a s as as as a s a s
than 1000 prisoners were executed. For many of these prisoners no DNA evidence was
as as as as as as as as as as as as as as
available. If such evidence had been available, howmay more would have been exonerated?
as as as a s as as as as as as as as as
a. Argument; conclusion: In many of these cases ... played a crucial role. a s a s a s as a s a s a s a s a s a s a s
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; conclusion: From 1973 ... have been exonerated. a s a s as a s a s a s a s
d. Argument; conclusion: For many of these prisoners ... was available. a s a s a s as a s as a s as a s
e. Argument; conclusion: It is likely that innocent prisoners ... they did not commit. a s a s a s a s as a s a s a s as a s a s a s
3
x
,Chapter 1 Test A
as as as
MULTIPLE CHOICE as
INSTRUCTIONS: The following selections relate to distinguishing arguments from as as as as as as as as
nonargumentsand identifying conclusions. Select the best answer for each.
as as as as as as as as as
1. There appears to be a growing happiness gap between men and women. Women today are
as as as as as as a s as as as as as as as
workingmore and relaxing less, while men are working less and relaxing more.
a s as a s as a s as a s a s a s a s a s a s
Forty years ago a typical woman spent 40 minutes more per week than the typical man
as a s as as as as as as a s a s as a s as as as a s
performing an activity considered unpleasant. Today, with men working less, the gap is 90
as as as as as as as as as as as as as as
minutes and growing.
as as a s
a. Argument; conclusion: Today ... the gap is 90 minutes and growing. a s a s as a s a s a s a s a s a s a s
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; conclusion: Forty years ago ... an activity considered unpleasant.
a s a s a s as as a s as as a s
d. Argument; conclusion: There appears to be ... between men and women. a s a s a s a s a s a s a s as a s a s
e. Argument; conclusion: Women today are working more and as as as as as as as
as relaxing less.ANS: as a s D PTS: 2 a s a s
2. Lead is toxic, but do you know why? Lead is toxic mainly because it preferentially replaces
as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as
other metals in biochemical reactions. In so doing it interferes with the proteins that regulate
as as as as as a s as as as as as as as as as
blood pressure(which can cause development delays in children and high blood
as as a s a s a s a s a s a s a s a s a s
pressure in adults), heme production(which can lead to anemia), and sperm production.
a s a s a s as as as a s as as a s as as
Lead also displaces calcium in the reactions that transmit electrical impulses in the
a s as as as as a s as a s a s a s a s a s a s
brain, which diminishes the ability to think and recall information.
as a s a s a s as as as as as as
Anne Marie Helmstine, "Your Guide to Chemistry" a s as a s a s a s a s
a. Argument; conclusion: It interferes with the proteins ... and sperm production.
a s a s a s a s as as a s a s a s as
b. Argument; conclusion: Lead is toxic. a s a s a s as
c. Nonargument.
d. Argument; conclusion: It preferentially replaces other metals in biochemical reactions.
as a s a s as a s a s as as a s
e. Argument; conclusion: Lead also displaces calcium ... as as as as as as
as recall information.ANS:
as a s C PTS: 2 a s
3. Aristotle focused on clarifying the concept of virtue itself. He argued that it was virtuous
as as as as as a s a s as a s as as a s a s a s
to choose theproper amount of emotion and/or action called for in a particular situation and
as as as as a s as as as as as as as as as as
that extremes of emotion and action were vices. In all communities there are some men of
as a s as as as as as as as as as as as as as a s
practical wisdom who have the capacity to judge wisely. Aristotle argued that they have
as as as a s as as as as as as as as as as
the capacity to follow the "right rule" whatever the situation.
as as as as as as as as as as
David Cooper, Value Pluralism and Ethical Choice a s a s as as as as
a. Argument; conclusion: In all communities ... capacity to judge wisely.a s a s a s a s a s a s as as a s
b. Argument; conclusion: Aristotle focused on clarifying the concept of virtue itself.
a s a s as as a s as a s a s a s as
c. Argument; conclusion: They have the capacity to follow ... the situation.
a s a s a s a s a s as a s a s a s a s
d. Argument; conclusion: He argued that it was virtuous ... were vices a s a s as a s a s a s a s as a s a s
e. Nonargument.
ANS: E PTS: 2
4. Illegal immigrants pay local sales taxes, and many of them also pay state, local, and
a s a s a s a s a s a s a s a s a s as a s as a s a s
federal income taxand Social Security tax. They also purchase items from local
a s as a s as a s a s a s a s as a s a s a s
merchants, increasing the amount these merchants pay in taxes. In addition, they
a s a s as as a s a s a s a s a s a s a s a s
work for low salaries, which increases the earnings of their employers and the
a s a s a s a s a s as a s a s as as a s as as
asamount of taxes these employers pay. Thus, it is not correct to say that illegal
a s as as as as as as as as as as as as a s
immigrants contribute nothing to the communities in which they live.
as as as as as as as as as as
a. Argument; conclusion: It is not correct to say ... communities in which they live.
a s a s a s a s a s a s as as a s a s a s as a s
1
, b. Argument; conclusion: They work for low salaries ... these employers pay.
a s a s a s as a s a s a s as a s a s
c. Argument; conclusion: Illegal immigrants pay ... Social Security tax.
a s a s a s as as a s a s as
d. Argument; conclusion: They also purchase items ... pay in taxes. a s a s as a s a s a s a s as a s
e. Nonargument.
ANS: A PTS: 2
5. Numerous studies have indicated that women of color, black women in particular, are over-
as as as as as as as as as as as as as
arrested, over-indicted, and over-sentenced. African-American women are seven times
a s a s a s a s a s as a s as as
more likely to be arrested for prostitution than women of other ethnic groups. Black women
a s as as as as as as as as as a s a s as as as
have received significantly longer sentences for crimes against property and served longer
as as as as as as as as as as as as
periods in prison. For both murder anddrug offenses, Euroamerican women ended up serving
as as as as as as as as as as as as as
one-third less time for the same offenses than black women.
as as as as as as as as as as
Nancy Kurshan, "Women and Imprisonment in the as as a s a s a s as
U.S." a s
a. Argument; conclusion: African-American women ... other ethnic groups. as a s as as as a s as
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; conclusion: For both murder and drug offenses ... black women. a s a s a s a s a s a s as a s a s as
d. Argument; conclusion: Numerous studies have indicated ... over-sentenced. a s as as a s as as as
e. Argument; conclusion: Black women have received ... longer periods as as as as as as as as
as in prison.ANS:
as B PTS: 2 a s a s
6. It's even more important these days that your computer be protected by a firewall.
a s as as as as as as as a s as as as as
a There are criminal elements lurking in the shadows of cyberspace who send out probes to
s as as as as as as as as as as as as as as
detect unprotected PCs. Once avulnerable computer is found, these criminals install
as a s as as as as as as as as as
software that assists them in committing identity theft and fencing stolen IDs. They also
as as as as as as as as as as as as as as
defraud online advertisers by using these zombie computers tofvisit pay-per-click ads.
as as a s as as as as as as as
a. Argument; conclusion: There are criminal elements ... to detect unprotected PCs.
a s a s as a s a s a s as a s as a s
b. Argument; conclusion: Once a vulnerable computer ... fencing stolen IDs. a s a s a s a s a s a s a s as a s
c. Nonargument.
d. Argument; conclusion: They also defraud ... to visit pay-per-click ads. a s a s as a s a s as a s a s as
e. Argument; conclusion: It's even more important ... protected by as as as as as as as as
a s a firewall.ANS:E PTS: 2
as as a s
7. The earth is of interest to astronomy for many reasons. Nearly all
a s a s a s a s a s a s a s a s a s a s a s
aobservations must be made through the atmosphere, and the phenomena of the
s a s a s as a s a s a s a s a s a s a s a s
upper atmosphere and the magnetosphere reflect the state of interplanetary space. The earth is
a s a s a s a s as as as as as as as as as as
also the most important object of comparison for planetologists.
as as as as as as as as as
Hannu Karttunen, et al., Fundamental Astronomy a s as as a s as
a. Argument; conclusion: The phenomena ... state of interplanetary space. a s a s as a s a s as a s as
b. Argument; conclusion: The earth is also ... for planetologists. a s a s a s a s a s a s a s a s
c. Argument; conclusion: The earth is of interest to astronomy. a s as as as a s a s a s as
d. Nonargument.
e. Argument; conclusion: Nearly all observations ... through as as as as as as
as the atmosphere.ANS:
as C PTS: 2 a s
8. If the trade in tiger products is banned, tiger reserves are guarded by well equipped staff,
as as as as as a s as as as a s as as as a s as
communitiesabutting tiger habitat are given a stake in protecting tigers, and
as a s a s a s a s a s a s a s a s a s a s
a the makers of traditional medicines canbe persuaded that tiger parts are not needed, then
s a s a s as as as as as as as as as as as
tiger poaching will be halted, habitat and life sustaining prey will be restored, and the
as as as as a s a s as as as as as as as as as
immanent extinction of tigers in the wild will be averted.
as a s as as as as as as as as
a. Nonargument.
b. Argument; conclusion: The trade in tiger products is banned. a s a s as a s a s a s a s a s
c. Argument; conclusion: Tiger poaching will be halted. a s as a s as as a s
d. Argument; conclusion: The makers of traditional medicines ... not needed. a s a s as a s as a s a s a s a s
2
, e. Argument; conclusion: Tiger poaching will be halted ... will as as as as as as as as
as be averted.ANS:as A PTS: 2 a s a s
9. Humans are biological organisms. To understand our behavior and mental processes, we need to
as as as as as as as as as as as as as
understand their biological underpinnings, starting with the cellular level, the
a s a s a s a s a s a s a s a s a s a s
neuron. How we feel, learn, remember, and think all stem from neuronal activity.
a s a s as as a s a s a s as a s as a s a s a s
So, how a neuron works and how neuronscommunicate are crucial pieces of
a s a s as a s a s as as a s a s a s a s a s
information in solving the puzzle of human behavior and mental processing.
a s a s a s a s a s a s as a s as as as
Richard Griggs, Psychology: A Concise Introduction as a s a s as as
a. Argument; conclusion: To understand our behavior ... the neuron. a s a s as a s a s a s as a s
b. Argument; conclusion: Humans are biological organisms. as a s as as a s
c. Argument; conclusion: How we feel ... neuronal activity. a s a s a s as a s a s a s
d. Argument; conclusion: How a neuron works ... mental processing. a s a s a s a s a s a s a s as
e. Nonargument.
ANS: D PTS: 2
10. Viruses are acellular entities too small to be seen with a light microscope. They are
as as as as as as as as as as as as as as
composed of a nucleic acid and a few proteins. Viruses replicate themselves and display
as as as a s as as as as as a s as as as as
other properties of living organisms only when they have invaded living cells. Indeed, some
as as a s as as a s as as as as as as as as
viruses can be crystallized and stored in a container on a shelf for years, but they retain
as as as as as as as as as a s as as as a s as as as
the capacity to invade cells and cause disease.
as as as as as as as as
Jacquelyn C. Black, Microbiology: Principles and Explorations as a s a s as as as
a. Argument; conclusion: They are composed of a nucleic acid and a few proteins. a s a s a s a s a s a s a s a s a s a s a s a s
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; conclusion: Viruses are acellular entities ... microscope. a s a s as as a s a s a s
d. Argument; conclusion: Indeed, some viruses can be crystallized ... cause disease. a s a s a s a s a s a s as a s a s a s
e. Argument; conclusion: Viruses replicate themselves ... invaded as as as as as as
as living cells.ANS: as B PTS: 2 a s a s
11. Harnessing the clean, abundant energy of the sun and wind is critical a s a s a s a s a s a s a s a s a s a s a s
a to solving the global warming problem. Technological advances have brought the cost of
s a s a s as as as as as as as as as as
electricity generated by the wind down by82 percent since 1981. Solar energy
as as a s as a s as as as a s a s as a s
technology has made remarkable progress as new photovoltaic cells have been developed
as a s a s a s as a s as as as as as as
to convert even greater amounts of sunlight directly into electricity. Todaythe costs of wind
as as as as as as a s as as as as as as
and solar power are becoming competitive with dirty coal- fired plants.
as as as as as as as as as as as
Sierra Club, "Global Warming Solutions" as as a s as
a. Argument; conclusion: Today the costs of wind ... dirty coal-fired plants. a s a s as a s a s a s a s a s as a s
b. Argument; conclusion: Technological advances ... by 82 percent since 1981. a s a s a s a s a s as a s a s a s
c. Argument; conclusion: Harnessing the clean ... the global warming problem. a s a s as a s a s as a s a s as
d. Nonargument.
e. Argument; conclusion: Solar energy technology ... directly as as as as as as
as into electricity.ANS: as D a s PTS: 2 a s
12. It is likely that innocent prisoners in this country have been executed for crimes they
a s a s as a s as a s as as a s a s a s as a s a s
did not commit. From 1973 until 2007, 124 death row inmates have been exonerated. In many
a s as as as as as as as as as as a s as as as as
of these cases DNA evidence played a crucial role. Yet, in that same time frame, more
as as a s as as as as a s as a s a s as as as a s a s
than 1000 prisoners were executed. For many of these prisoners no DNA evidence was
as as as as as as as as as as as as as as
available. If such evidence had been available, howmay more would have been exonerated?
as as as a s as as as as as as as as as
a. Argument; conclusion: In many of these cases ... played a crucial role. a s a s a s as a s a s a s a s a s a s a s
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; conclusion: From 1973 ... have been exonerated. a s a s as a s a s a s a s
d. Argument; conclusion: For many of these prisoners ... was available. a s a s a s as a s as a s as a s
e. Argument; conclusion: It is likely that innocent prisoners ... they did not commit. a s a s a s a s as a s a s a s as a s a s a s
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