CSU BMS 300 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE COMPLETE UPDATE Colorado State University

CSU BMS 300 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE COMPLETE UPDATE Colorado State University Dipole Moment - >>>Partial negative and partial positive charge What causes surface tension? - >>>Hydrogen bonding Hydrophilic - >>>"water loving" Hydrophobic - >>>"water fearing" Hydration Shell - >>>Water surrounding the ions Diffusion - >>>Movement of ions from high to low concentrations Osmosis - >>>Diffusion of water Amphipathic - >>>"both loving" Characteristics of the head group - >>>Hydrophilic, charged, phosphodiestor bonds Characteristics of the tail - >>>Hydrophobic, uncharged, ester bonds. CLASSROOM CLASSROOM CLASSROOM CLASSROOM CLASSROOM Characteristics of proteins - >>>Made up of amino acids, have polypeptides, includes enzymes, structural elements, and transmembrane proteins CLASSROOM Characteristics of Transmembrane Proteins - >>>Has a lumen that is a hydrophilic pathway, allows movement of ions, and has R-groups. Hydrophobic interacts with lipid bilayer and hydrophilic interacts with pathway/lumen Characteristics of prokaryotes - >>>Archea and bacteria. Single celled, no membrane bound "organs", free floating DNA (circular) Eukaryotes - >>>Fungus plants and animals. Multi-cell, organelles, nucleus (DNA compacted) What is contained in the nucleus? - >>>DNA Nuclear pores - >>>Transport of molecules. It is selective to protein and RNA What makes the rough endoplasmic reticulum rough? - >>>Ribosomes What does glycosylation mean? - >>>It has sugars on it Where does final processing occur? - >>>Golgi Apparatus Ribosome - >>>Where proteins are made Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum - >>>Folding, glycosylating, and packaging of proteins Transmembrane proteins - >>>Cross the membrane and are on both the inside and outside of the cell CLASSROOM CLASSROOM CLASSROOM CLASSROOM CLASSROOM Lysosomal proteins - >>>Destined for delivery to the lysosome Secreted proteins - >>>Destined to leave the cell What is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum responsible for? - >>>Fat processing CLASSROOM Characteristics of the mitochondira - >>>It is ATP. Is double layered, and is passed down from the mom only What is the lysosome similar to? - >>>A garbage disposal Characteristics of long transport - >>>Polymer: microtubules. Monomer: tubulin. Motor protein (vesicle transporting ATPase): kinesin is positive directed and dynein is negative directed Characteristics of local transport - >>>Polymer: filamentous actin. Monomer: globular actin. Motor protein (vesicle transporting ATPase): mysoin. Central Dogma - >>>DNA ---replication---> DNA ---transcription---> RNA ---translation---> protein What part of the central dogma occurs in the nucleus? - >>>Replication and Transcription What part of the central dogma occurs in the cytoplasm? - >>>Translation What part of the central dogma is semi-conservative? - >>>Replication CLASSROOM CLASSROOM CLASSROOM CLASSROOM CLASSROOM CLASSROOM What does semi-conservative mean? - >>>When creating more DNA we don't destroy the original two strands, rather we keep them. Helicases - >>>Unwinds the DNA, and breaks hydrogen bonds Characteristics of DNA polymerase - >>>Reads 3' to 5'. Adds 5' to 3'. Has phosphodiester bonds. What is RNA synthesized from? - >>>DNA What are the DNA bases? - >>>A, T, G, C What are the RNA bases? - >>>A, U, G, C What is the promoter in DNA - >>>TATA box Characteristics of RNA polymerase - >>>3' to 5'. Breaks hydrogen bonds between DNA strands. Add appropriate bases, and results in phosphodiester bonds between ribose sugars. Splicing - >>>Removal of introns and joining of exons Introns - >>>These stay in the nucleus Exons - >>>These exit the nucleus and are expressed What are codons? - >>>3 bases on mRNA CLASSROOM CLASSROOM CLASSROOM CLASSROOM CLASSROOM What is the start codon? - >>>AUG What does the stop codon do? - >>>Stops translation Characteristics of the ribosome - >>>5' to 3'. Links amino acids via peptide bonds tRNA - >>>Transfer RNA. Has the anti-codon and carries amino acids to the ribosomes. Signal Recognition Particle - >>>(SRP). Stops translation and moves the rough ER CLASSROOM SRP receptor characteristics - >>>Located on the rough ER membrane and binds to SRP to help guide ribosomes to protein translocater (translocon) Characteristics of translocon - >>>Transmembrane protein (on rough ER), aid proteins entering the lumen of the ER (to integrate proteins into ER membrane) If there is a signal peptide where does it go? - >>>Lysosome If there is no signal peptide where does it go? - >>>Cytoplasm rRNA - >>>Ribosomal RNA mRNA - >>>Messenger RNA. Convey genetic info from DNA to ribosomes. What are the four types of tissue? - >>>Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, and Nervous CLASSROOM CLASSROOM CLASSROOM CLASSROOM CLASSROOM CLASSROOM Characteristics of Epithelial Cells - >>>Form layers. Has polarity orientation (apical vs. basilar). Avascular (contains no blood). Reproduce themselves. Primary Protein Structure - >>>Amino acid strings and polypeptide chain