NUR439 Final Review Sheet STUDY GUIDE Intro to Public Public Health: Health Nursing

NUR439 Final Review Sheet STUDY GUIDE Intro to Public Public Health: Health Nursing ● Scientific discipline that includes the study of epidemiology, statistics and assessment-including attention to behavioral, cultural and economic factors ● Program planning and policy development ● What members of a society do together to ensure that conditions exist in which people can be healthy (ex. Smoke free zones, stop lights) ● Goal: to organize community efforts that will use scientific/technical knowledge to prevent disease and promote health Benefits of Public Health: ● Increase in life expectancy CLASSROOM ● Decreased number of deaths from stroke, coronary heart disease, cancer ● ** ● Approaches related to eating, drinking, driving, exercise could help prevent up to 70% of early deaths in America - compared with only 10% for medical treatment est: *Answer on t Public Health Activities: lifestyle changes can prevent premature death ● Prevent epidemics and the spread of disease (immunizations, hand washing) ● Prevent injuries and accidents (gates around pools, lifeguards) ● Protect against environmental hazards (sharps container, wearing PPE) ● Promote healthy lifestyle behaviors (healthy lunch in schools, walking programs) ● Respond to disasters ● Ensure accessibility to health services Core Functions: 1. Assessment ● Systematic data collection on the population ● Monitor population’s health status to identify community health problems ● Make information available about the health of community ● Diagnose and investigate health problems/hazards in community 2. Policy Development ● Efforts to develop policies that support the health of the population - using a scientific knowledge base to make policy decisions ● Inform, educate, empower people about health issues ● Mobilize community partnerships to identify and solve health problems 3. Assurance CLASSROOM ● Making sure that essentially community-oriented health services are available CLASSROOM CLASSROOM CLASSROOM CLASSROOM CLASSROOM ● Providing essential personal health services for individuals who would not otherwise have access to them CLASSROOM CLASSROOM CLASSROOM CLASSROOM CLASSROOM ● Enforce laws and regulations that protect health/safety ● Ensure a competent public health workforce ● Makes sure providers are qualified, people get what they need Health Care Services CLASSROOM Pyramid: (A lot of questions about the levels of prevention on final) 1. Primary: prevention of the initial occurrence of disease/injury (preventing the disease before any trace of it) ● Nutrition education ● Smoking cessation classes ● Immunizations ● Prenatal classes ● Safety education - hemlet, seat belts ● Advocating for access to health care 2. Secondary: services designed to detect and treat disease in the early stages (have the disease and recognizing it early, screening to prevent it from moving on) ● Community assessments ● Disease surveillance ● Screenings - HTN, TB, DM, genetic disorders, cancers ○ Screening is a key component - involves testing of individuals who are at risk for a specific condition but don’t have symptoms ○ Goal: to determine the likelihood that they will develop the disease ○ NOT a diagnostic test ● Lead exposure 3. Tertiary:services to limit disease progression or disability (most money is being spent here but it SHOULD be being spent on primary prevention) ● Rehab after injury/illness, PT/OT ● Support groups Public Health Nursing : ● Speciality that brings together knowledge from the public health sciences and nursing to improve the health of the community ● Distinct focus and scope of practice, requires a special knowledge base ● Emphasis on population rather than single individual/family ● Focus on populations in the community and emphasis on health promotion and disease prevention Role of Nurse: ● Ensure that conditions exist in which people remain healthy ● Anticipate and respond to health problems ● Evaluate health trends and risk factors of population groups to determine interventions ● Reaches out to populations who might benefit from a service CLASSROOM CLASSROOM CLASSROOM CLASSROOM CLASSROOM CLASSROOM Population:collection of individuals who share one or more personal or environmental characteristics (aggregate) - ex. Nursing student Subpopulation:subsets of the population who share similar characteristics - ex. Nursing student at Molloy Community: group of people and institutions that share geographic, civic and/or social parameters - ex. People who live in RVC Community-Oriented Nursing Practice: ● Focus: promote quality of life, on health care of entire communities or populations and the healthcare of individuals, families, groups ● Goal: to prevent disease and preserve, promote, restore and protect health for the community and population within it ● Client characteristics: individuals/families/groups at risk, communities, usually healthy, culturally diverse, autonomous, able to define own problem, primary decision maker ● Settings: community agencies, home, work, school, government ● Priority of activities: case finding, client education, community education, interdisciplinary practice case management, program planning, advocacy Community-Based Nursing: ● Goal: Manage acute and chronic conditions ● Promote self-care among individuals and families ● Setting: specific practice, care provided where people work, live, attend school ● Focus on “illness care” ● Growing cost of hospital care is leading to more care being provided in community settings ● Priority of activities: care management, pt education, advocacy, interdisciplinary practice, continuity of care ● Client characteristics: individuals/families, usually ill, culturally diverse, autonomous, able to define own problem, involved in decision making ● Settings: community agencies, home, work, school Challenges for Future: ● Current trend is to move care into community settings and to reduce # of hospital days for “sick” clients ● Community care - less expensive, more appealing (people rather be home) History of Public Health Nursing Colonial Period: ● At first, public health was a family/friend system of care CLASSROOM CLASSROOM CLASSROOM CLASSROOM CLASSROOM ● Established systems of care for the sick - based on Elizabethan Poor Law - basis now is Medicaid ● 1751: First hospital in Philly ● 1850: Shattuck CLASSROOM Report**:first effort to describe a modern approach to public health, first to have a public health code (regulations and recommendations for public health) - put together in Boston, made by Shattuck ○ Used birth and death records to describe health ○ Create guidelines for modern health modification ○ Took 19 years to implement code Florence Nightingale (): ● Demonstrated the value of aseptic techniques and infection control ● Honored for contributions to nursing research ● Organized nursing education to produce trained nurses ● Kept careful statistics to show that she was improving health ● Said if you change the environment, you can improve health outcomes ● 1870: First nursing schools based on Nightingale model Lillian Wald: ● Developed a viable practice for public health nursing (The Henry Street Settlement) in NYC - people got social services ● Founder of visiting and modern public health nursing ● Worked with immigrants - made home visits, taught about nutrition, child care, cleanliness - trained 37 nurses ● Purpose: to provide well baby care, health education, disease prevention, treatment of minor illnesses ● Worked with Brewster ● Developed first nursing service for occupational health (Metropolitan Life Insurance) - visiting nurses provided care for sick policy owners, sliding scale payment ○ Persuaded company to pay for home visits for their clients (proved that there were less mortality and deaths in children) ● Pr ofessor’s favorite nurse - on f inal Developments in Public Health Nursing: ● American Red Cross and its Rural Nursing Service initiated home nursing care in areas outside larger cities ● Frances Root - first trained salaried visiting nurse ● Mary Adelaide Nutting: first postgraduate nursing course in PH nursing ● National Organization of Public Health Nursing (NOPHN) in 1922 - Wald as first President Contributions: ● Mary Breckenridge established Frontier Nursing Service in Kentucky - assisted disadvantaged women and children CLASSROOM CLASSROO