KUBY IMMUNOLOGY STUDY GUIDE 2025/2026 QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS RATED A+
✔✔A - ✔✔A polyclonal antibody made against a large protein antigen reacts with it
even when it is denatured by disrupting all disulfide bonds. Another monoclonal
antibody against the antigen fails to react when it is similarly denatured. The most likely
explanation can be stated as follows:
A) the polyclonal antibody contains antibodies specific for several non-conformational
epitopes expressed by the antigen
B) The monoclonal antibody recognizes both conformational and non-conformational
epitopes
C) The monoclonal antibody is specific for disulfide bonds
D) The polyclonal antibody has a higher affinity for the antigen
✔✔B - ✔✔Which is the best definition of "immunity"?
A. The state of having been exposed to a pathogen repeatedly
B. The state of being resistant to reinfection with a pathogen
C. When an individual has never been exposed to a pathogen
D. When the immune system is activated
E. When physical barriers are not enough to prevent infection
✔✔C - ✔✔What happens to a pathogen as it becomes attenuated?
A. It becomes more dangerous to the host.
B. It gets smaller.
C. It has weakened virulence.
D. At becomes older.
E. All of the above
✔✔A - ✔✔Which of the following is the BEST example of herd immunity?
A. A child infected with measles travels from Germany to the United States. Several
babies
contract the disease, but the outbreak is largely contained due to vaccinations.
B. Certain populations of cattle are less susceptible to infection with encephalitis
because of
their genetic makeup.
C. Once a certain threshold of individuals has been infected with a novel human
pathogen, it is
unlikely that any more will be.
D. Geese and chickens are infected with different strains of influenza because they
express
different receptors on their cell surface.
, E. When infection spreads through a population, certain individuals generate stronger
immune
responses than others.
✔✔C - ✔✔Which of the following diseases does NOT currently have an effective
vaccine?
A. Chicken pox
B. Polio
C. HIV
D. Small pox
E. Diptheria
✔✔E - ✔✔Effectors of the humoral immune system are known as:
A. antibodies.
B. immunoglobulin.
C. complement.
D. B cells.
E. All of the above
✔✔E - ✔✔Which of the following cell types are lymphocytes?
A. Macrophages
B. Mast cells
C. Neutrophils
D. Erythrocytes
E. T cells
✔✔C - ✔✔Which of the following is TRUE about antigens?
A. They are always derived from pathogens.
B. They are always proteins.
C. They are recognized by T cells or B cells.
D. They must be microbial in origin.
E. They usually cause cellular damage.
✔✔Selective Theory - ✔✔antigen receptor binds with an antigen, cell becomes
activated
✔✔Instructional Theory - ✔✔antigen receptor molds itself to the antigen
✔✔D - ✔✔Which of the following is a fungal pathogen?
A. Vibrio cholerae
AND ANSWERS RATED A+
✔✔A - ✔✔A polyclonal antibody made against a large protein antigen reacts with it
even when it is denatured by disrupting all disulfide bonds. Another monoclonal
antibody against the antigen fails to react when it is similarly denatured. The most likely
explanation can be stated as follows:
A) the polyclonal antibody contains antibodies specific for several non-conformational
epitopes expressed by the antigen
B) The monoclonal antibody recognizes both conformational and non-conformational
epitopes
C) The monoclonal antibody is specific for disulfide bonds
D) The polyclonal antibody has a higher affinity for the antigen
✔✔B - ✔✔Which is the best definition of "immunity"?
A. The state of having been exposed to a pathogen repeatedly
B. The state of being resistant to reinfection with a pathogen
C. When an individual has never been exposed to a pathogen
D. When the immune system is activated
E. When physical barriers are not enough to prevent infection
✔✔C - ✔✔What happens to a pathogen as it becomes attenuated?
A. It becomes more dangerous to the host.
B. It gets smaller.
C. It has weakened virulence.
D. At becomes older.
E. All of the above
✔✔A - ✔✔Which of the following is the BEST example of herd immunity?
A. A child infected with measles travels from Germany to the United States. Several
babies
contract the disease, but the outbreak is largely contained due to vaccinations.
B. Certain populations of cattle are less susceptible to infection with encephalitis
because of
their genetic makeup.
C. Once a certain threshold of individuals has been infected with a novel human
pathogen, it is
unlikely that any more will be.
D. Geese and chickens are infected with different strains of influenza because they
express
different receptors on their cell surface.
, E. When infection spreads through a population, certain individuals generate stronger
immune
responses than others.
✔✔C - ✔✔Which of the following diseases does NOT currently have an effective
vaccine?
A. Chicken pox
B. Polio
C. HIV
D. Small pox
E. Diptheria
✔✔E - ✔✔Effectors of the humoral immune system are known as:
A. antibodies.
B. immunoglobulin.
C. complement.
D. B cells.
E. All of the above
✔✔E - ✔✔Which of the following cell types are lymphocytes?
A. Macrophages
B. Mast cells
C. Neutrophils
D. Erythrocytes
E. T cells
✔✔C - ✔✔Which of the following is TRUE about antigens?
A. They are always derived from pathogens.
B. They are always proteins.
C. They are recognized by T cells or B cells.
D. They must be microbial in origin.
E. They usually cause cellular damage.
✔✔Selective Theory - ✔✔antigen receptor binds with an antigen, cell becomes
activated
✔✔Instructional Theory - ✔✔antigen receptor molds itself to the antigen
✔✔D - ✔✔Which of the following is a fungal pathogen?
A. Vibrio cholerae
