PATHOPHYSIOLOGY MID-TERM EXAM -
QUIZ QUESTIONS WITH VALID ANSWERS
The bhuman bbody brequires bcholesterol. bIt bis bused bto bconstruct:
a. bmuscle bfibers
b. bproteins
c. bDNA
d. bthe bcell bmembrane b- bCORRECT✅✅correct banswer: bd. bthe bcell bmembrane
Cholesterol bis bused bby bthe bcell bto bconstruct bthe bphospholipid bbilayer bof bthe bcell
bmembrane. bEvery bcell bin bthe bbody.
Mitochondria bcontain bthe benzymes bnecessary bfor:
a. bgluconeogenesis
b. bphagocytosis
c. bphotosynthesis
d. bATP bproduction b- bCORRECT✅✅correct banswer: bd. bATP bproduction
Mitochondria bare bthe bpowerhouses bof bthe bcell. bTheir bmain bfunction bis bto bproduce
bATP.
The bmovement bof bions bthrough bthe bsodium-potassium bpump bis ban bexample bof
b________.
a. bosmosis
b. bactive btransport
c. bsimple bdiffusion
d. bpassive btransport b- bCORRECT✅✅correct banswer: bb. bactive btransport
The bsodium-potassium bpump bis ban bexample bof ban bactive btransport bpump. bActive
btransport brequires ban benergy binput; bin bthis bcase, bATP.
In bthe bresting bmembrane bpotential, bpotassium bis bpredominantly ban b________-
cellular bion band bsodium bis bpredominantly ban b________-cellular bion.
a. bextra-; bintra-
b. bintra-; bintra-
c. bintra-; bextra-
d. bextra-; bextra- b- bCORRECT✅✅correct banswer: bc. bintra-; bextra-
Sodium bin bpredominantly ban bextracellular bion, bwith ba bnormal bserum bconcentration
bof b135-145 bmEq/L band bintracellular bconcentration bof b3.5-5 bmEq/L. bPotassium bis
blargely ban bintracellular bion, bat bconcentrations bof b135-145 bmEq/L bintracellularly band
bextracellular bconcentration bof b3.5-5 bmEq/L.
,During bthe baction bpotential bof ba bmuscle bor bnerve bcells, bsodium brushing binto bthe
bcell bcauses ban b________ bresponse. b- bCORRECT✅✅correct banswer: ball bor
bnone
An ball-or-none bresponse boccurs bafter bsodium binflux, bwhich bresults bin bthe
bsubsequent bphases bof bthe baction bpotential. bOnce bsodium binfluxes binto bthe bcell,
bconduction bcannot bbe bstopped.
Hypertension, bor bhigh bblood bpressure, brequires bthe bheart bto bbecome bstronger.
bThe bcell's badaption bstrategy bin bresponse bto bhypertension bis b________.
a. batrophy
b. bhypertrophy
c. bmetaplasia
d. bdysplasia b- bCORRECT✅✅correct banswer: bb. bhypertrophy
Hypertrophy bis bthe bequivalent bof bbody bbuilders bgetting bhuge bfrom blifting bweights.
Gangrene bis ban bexample bof:
a. bhyperplasia
b. bapoptosis
c. bnecrosis
d. bcellular baging b- bCORRECT✅✅correct banswer: bc. bnecrosis
An bindividual bwho bcarries ba bcopy bof bthe bgene bis ba bcarrier. bA bsynonym bfor
bcarrier, bin bthis bcase, bis b________.
a. brecessive
b. bdominant
c. bheterozygous
d. bhomozygous b- bCORRECT✅✅correct banswer: bc. bheterozygous
Huntington's bdisease bis ban bautosomal bdominant bgenetic bdisorder. bOne bstrange
band bcruel bfeature bof bHuntington's bdisease bis bthat bpatients busually bhave bhad
bchildren bby bthe btime bsymptoms bemerge. bWhat bis bthe blikelihood bthat bchildren bof
bparents—each bhomozygous b(i.e. bHH band bHH)—will binherit bthe bdisease?
a. b25%
b. b75%
c. b50%
d. b100% b- bCORRECT✅✅correct banswer: bd. b100%
Since bHuntington's bdisease bfollows ban bautosomal bdominant binheritance bpattern,
bany bdominant ballele b(i.e. b"big bH") bthat bis bpassed bon bwill bresult bin bthe bdisease. bIn
bthe bcase bof btwo bhomozygous bparents, b100% bof bthe boffspring bwill bhave bthe
bdisease.
, What bis bepigenetics? b- bCORRECT✅✅Epigenetics bis bthe bstudy bof bchanges bin
borganisms bcaused bby bmodification bof bgene bexpression brather bthan balteration bof
bthe bgenetic bcode bitself.
Antigen-presenting bcells bfunction bto:
a. binitiate bthe bcomplement bcascade bby bway bof bthe balternate bpathway b
b. bstimulate bcytokine bproduction bby bmacrophages
c. bphagocytose band bdegrade bforeign bantigens
d. bdisplay bforeign bantigen bon btheir bcell bsurfaces bbound bto bMHC b-
bCORRECT✅✅correct banswer: bd. bdisplay bforeign bantigen bon btheir bcell bsurfaces
bbound bto bMHC
Which bclinical bfinding bis bmost bindicative bof ban bacute bbacterial binfection?
a. bincreased b(band) bneutrophils b
b. belevated berythrocyte bsedimentation brate
c. belevated bWBC bcount
d. belevated btemperature b- bCORRECT✅✅correct banswer: ba. bincreased b(band)
bneutrophils
Remember bthat binitially bin bthe bstress bresponse b(release bof bcortisol) bWBCs bare
breleased bfrom btheir bmoorings balong bthe bvessel bwalls. bIt btakes btime bfor bmore
bWBCs bto bbe bproduced bin bthe bbone bmarrow band bthe bfirst bWBCs bto bbe breleased
bare bimmature b"teenagers" bwho bhaven't byet bmatured binto bfully bfunctional
bneutrophils. bTHAT's bthe bindication bthat bthere's ban bactive binfection. bWe bcall bit ba
b"left bshift;" ba bshift bto bless bmature bcells bin bresponse bto bactive binfection.
Interleukin-1, binterleukin-6, band btumor bnecrosis bfactor-α bare binflammatory bcytokines
bsecreted bby:
a. blymphocytes b
b. bplasma bcells
c. bneutrophils
d. bmacrophages b- bCORRECT✅✅correct banswer: bd. bmacrophages
Immunity bto ba bspecific borganism bcan bbe bdetermined bby ba blab btest bto bcheck bthe
b________.
a. berythrocyte bsedimentation brate b
b. bWBC bcount
c. bantibody btiter
d. bactive bphase bprotein bcount b- bCORRECT✅✅correct banswer: bc. bantibody btiter
The bprimary bfunction bof bB bcells bis:
a. bkilling bantigen-presenting bcells
b. bmaking b(i.e. bsynthesizing) bantibodies
c. bsecreting bcytokines
d. bkilling bvirally binfected bcells b- bCORRECT✅✅correct banswer: bb. bmaking b(i.e.
bsynthesizing) bantibodies
QUIZ QUESTIONS WITH VALID ANSWERS
The bhuman bbody brequires bcholesterol. bIt bis bused bto bconstruct:
a. bmuscle bfibers
b. bproteins
c. bDNA
d. bthe bcell bmembrane b- bCORRECT✅✅correct banswer: bd. bthe bcell bmembrane
Cholesterol bis bused bby bthe bcell bto bconstruct bthe bphospholipid bbilayer bof bthe bcell
bmembrane. bEvery bcell bin bthe bbody.
Mitochondria bcontain bthe benzymes bnecessary bfor:
a. bgluconeogenesis
b. bphagocytosis
c. bphotosynthesis
d. bATP bproduction b- bCORRECT✅✅correct banswer: bd. bATP bproduction
Mitochondria bare bthe bpowerhouses bof bthe bcell. bTheir bmain bfunction bis bto bproduce
bATP.
The bmovement bof bions bthrough bthe bsodium-potassium bpump bis ban bexample bof
b________.
a. bosmosis
b. bactive btransport
c. bsimple bdiffusion
d. bpassive btransport b- bCORRECT✅✅correct banswer: bb. bactive btransport
The bsodium-potassium bpump bis ban bexample bof ban bactive btransport bpump. bActive
btransport brequires ban benergy binput; bin bthis bcase, bATP.
In bthe bresting bmembrane bpotential, bpotassium bis bpredominantly ban b________-
cellular bion band bsodium bis bpredominantly ban b________-cellular bion.
a. bextra-; bintra-
b. bintra-; bintra-
c. bintra-; bextra-
d. bextra-; bextra- b- bCORRECT✅✅correct banswer: bc. bintra-; bextra-
Sodium bin bpredominantly ban bextracellular bion, bwith ba bnormal bserum bconcentration
bof b135-145 bmEq/L band bintracellular bconcentration bof b3.5-5 bmEq/L. bPotassium bis
blargely ban bintracellular bion, bat bconcentrations bof b135-145 bmEq/L bintracellularly band
bextracellular bconcentration bof b3.5-5 bmEq/L.
,During bthe baction bpotential bof ba bmuscle bor bnerve bcells, bsodium brushing binto bthe
bcell bcauses ban b________ bresponse. b- bCORRECT✅✅correct banswer: ball bor
bnone
An ball-or-none bresponse boccurs bafter bsodium binflux, bwhich bresults bin bthe
bsubsequent bphases bof bthe baction bpotential. bOnce bsodium binfluxes binto bthe bcell,
bconduction bcannot bbe bstopped.
Hypertension, bor bhigh bblood bpressure, brequires bthe bheart bto bbecome bstronger.
bThe bcell's badaption bstrategy bin bresponse bto bhypertension bis b________.
a. batrophy
b. bhypertrophy
c. bmetaplasia
d. bdysplasia b- bCORRECT✅✅correct banswer: bb. bhypertrophy
Hypertrophy bis bthe bequivalent bof bbody bbuilders bgetting bhuge bfrom blifting bweights.
Gangrene bis ban bexample bof:
a. bhyperplasia
b. bapoptosis
c. bnecrosis
d. bcellular baging b- bCORRECT✅✅correct banswer: bc. bnecrosis
An bindividual bwho bcarries ba bcopy bof bthe bgene bis ba bcarrier. bA bsynonym bfor
bcarrier, bin bthis bcase, bis b________.
a. brecessive
b. bdominant
c. bheterozygous
d. bhomozygous b- bCORRECT✅✅correct banswer: bc. bheterozygous
Huntington's bdisease bis ban bautosomal bdominant bgenetic bdisorder. bOne bstrange
band bcruel bfeature bof bHuntington's bdisease bis bthat bpatients busually bhave bhad
bchildren bby bthe btime bsymptoms bemerge. bWhat bis bthe blikelihood bthat bchildren bof
bparents—each bhomozygous b(i.e. bHH band bHH)—will binherit bthe bdisease?
a. b25%
b. b75%
c. b50%
d. b100% b- bCORRECT✅✅correct banswer: bd. b100%
Since bHuntington's bdisease bfollows ban bautosomal bdominant binheritance bpattern,
bany bdominant ballele b(i.e. b"big bH") bthat bis bpassed bon bwill bresult bin bthe bdisease. bIn
bthe bcase bof btwo bhomozygous bparents, b100% bof bthe boffspring bwill bhave bthe
bdisease.
, What bis bepigenetics? b- bCORRECT✅✅Epigenetics bis bthe bstudy bof bchanges bin
borganisms bcaused bby bmodification bof bgene bexpression brather bthan balteration bof
bthe bgenetic bcode bitself.
Antigen-presenting bcells bfunction bto:
a. binitiate bthe bcomplement bcascade bby bway bof bthe balternate bpathway b
b. bstimulate bcytokine bproduction bby bmacrophages
c. bphagocytose band bdegrade bforeign bantigens
d. bdisplay bforeign bantigen bon btheir bcell bsurfaces bbound bto bMHC b-
bCORRECT✅✅correct banswer: bd. bdisplay bforeign bantigen bon btheir bcell bsurfaces
bbound bto bMHC
Which bclinical bfinding bis bmost bindicative bof ban bacute bbacterial binfection?
a. bincreased b(band) bneutrophils b
b. belevated berythrocyte bsedimentation brate
c. belevated bWBC bcount
d. belevated btemperature b- bCORRECT✅✅correct banswer: ba. bincreased b(band)
bneutrophils
Remember bthat binitially bin bthe bstress bresponse b(release bof bcortisol) bWBCs bare
breleased bfrom btheir bmoorings balong bthe bvessel bwalls. bIt btakes btime bfor bmore
bWBCs bto bbe bproduced bin bthe bbone bmarrow band bthe bfirst bWBCs bto bbe breleased
bare bimmature b"teenagers" bwho bhaven't byet bmatured binto bfully bfunctional
bneutrophils. bTHAT's bthe bindication bthat bthere's ban bactive binfection. bWe bcall bit ba
b"left bshift;" ba bshift bto bless bmature bcells bin bresponse bto bactive binfection.
Interleukin-1, binterleukin-6, band btumor bnecrosis bfactor-α bare binflammatory bcytokines
bsecreted bby:
a. blymphocytes b
b. bplasma bcells
c. bneutrophils
d. bmacrophages b- bCORRECT✅✅correct banswer: bd. bmacrophages
Immunity bto ba bspecific borganism bcan bbe bdetermined bby ba blab btest bto bcheck bthe
b________.
a. berythrocyte bsedimentation brate b
b. bWBC bcount
c. bantibody btiter
d. bactive bphase bprotein bcount b- bCORRECT✅✅correct banswer: bc. bantibody btiter
The bprimary bfunction bof bB bcells bis:
a. bkilling bantigen-presenting bcells
b. bmaking b(i.e. bsynthesizing) bantibodies
c. bsecreting bcytokines
d. bkilling bvirally binfected bcells b- bCORRECT✅✅correct banswer: bb. bmaking b(i.e.
bsynthesizing) bantibodies
