TEST BANK For Clayton's Basic Pharmacology for Nurses [ENVR-chapter 19] 19th Edition Michelle Willihnganz

TEST BANK For Clayton's Basic Pharmacology for Nurses [ENVR-chapter 19] 19th Edition Michelle Willihnganz 1) In 1948 in Donora, Pennsylvania, the routine release of toxins into the air became a deadly fog because of A) a chemical spill in the nearby Monongahela River. B) greatly increased activity of the nearby industries. C) a thermal inversion and stagnant weather conditions. D) the failure of the chemical scrubbing systems on smokestacks. - Ans →c 2) Which of the following would have most likely prevented the deadly 1948 smog in Donora, PA? A) shift industrial production from the day to evening hours B) add scrubbers to the smokestacks used by the Donora industries C) increase use of coal to generate electricity and heat homes in the region D) use high sulfur instead of low sulfur coal to generate electricity and heat homes - Ans →b 3) The air you breathe into your lungs on a daily basis mostly consists of A) oxygen. B) carbon dioxide. C) nitrogen. D) hydrogen. - Ans →C 4) When you exhale, the major components of your breath include all of the following except A) carbon dioxide. B) nitrogen. C) oxygen. D) hydrogen. - Ans →D 5) Nearly 300 million years ago, dragonflies existed that were the size of large hawks today. Some scientists believe that these giants could fly then, but not today, because oxygen in the atmosphere was much higher. If oxygen levels 300 million years ago were 50% higher than today, what percentage of the atmosphere would have consisted of oxygen for these giant dragonflies? A) 30% B) 20% C) 10% D) 2% - Ans →a 6) Atmospheric scientists often measure gases in parts per million by weight (ppm). If CO2 is currently 0.04% of the atmosphere, the level expressed in ppm is A) 4 ppm. B) 4000 ppm. C) 400 ppm. D) 0.004 ppm. - Ans →c 7) On May 18, 1980, a massive eruption of Mt. St. Helens in Washington State sent a huge plume of ash high into the air. Over the next two weeks, the ash traveled around the world. To move that far, the ash would have to A) dissolve in the nitrogen of the air. B) combine with moisture in the troposphere. C) bind to aerosols in the lithosphere. D) reach into the stratosphere. - Ans →d 8) Which of the following illustrates an anthropogenic form of pollution? A) a large plume of ash from an erupting volcano B) large clouds of smoke from a forest fire caused by lightning C) sulfur dioxide released from a coal burning power plant D) sea salt aerosols in the air above an ocean - Ans →c 9) Which one of the following generally increases natural sources of the pollution of the air? A) bright sunlight B) generation of hydroxyl radicals C) sea salt aerosols entering the air over an ocean D) gases released by a volcanic eruption - Ans →d 10) The formation of sea salt aerosols help to clean the air by promoting the formation of A) rain. B) nitrogen oxides. C) temperature inversions. D) many types of sulfur compounds. - Ans →a 11) The abundant formation of hydroxyl radicals in the atmosphere A) removes many common pollutants from the stratosphere. B) removes many common pollutants from the troposphere. C) promotes the formation of ozone that protects against damaging ultraviolet light. D) promotes the formation of nitrous oxides that in turn lower levels of carbon dioxide. - Ans →b 12) Air pollution in a heavily industrialized region would be reduced and the air would be healthier if that region A) received more rain. B) received less sunshine. C) were at least 200 miles from an ocean. D) used more coal to generate electricity. - Ans →a 14) Which of the following components of the atmosphere are most helpful in the cleansing of the air? A) hydroxyl radicals B) ozone C) radon D) sulfur dioxide - Ans →a 15) In which of the following regions would we most expect to find industrial smog? A) in southern Florida in high tourist regions along the beaches B) in a farming region that primarily produces either cotton, soybeans, or corn C) around an industrial town that burns coal to generate electricity and make steel D) around a city that primarily relies on nuclear energy and public transportation - Ans →c 16) Which one of the following would be the most practical way to reduce levels of photochemical smog in a city that frequently experiences this problem? A) changes in weather that produce more days of sunshine B) changes in weather that result in more days of fog C) reducing the amount of electricity generated using windmills D) reducing the number of automobiles that burn gasoline and the amount of evaporated gasoline - Ans →d 17) Unlike industrial smog, photochemical smog occurs in regions that A) experience frequent fog. B) generate electricity by burning coal. C) are far away from large bodies of water. D) have high levels of sunshine. - Ans →d 18) Which one of the following is most associated with an air-pollution disaster? A) high winds B) a temperature inversion C) increased industrial production D) shutdown of a power plant - Ans →b 19) A temperature inversion occurs when A) high levels of sunshine burn off a fog. B) regions experience high winds and intense sunshine. C) the air near the ground is cooler than the air directly above it. D) the air near the ground is warmer than the air at higher altitudes. - Ans →c 20) The atmospheric brown cloud over much of China may be reduced by A) switching from biomass to coal as sources of energy. B) switching from natural gas to the use of biomass fuels. C) climate change that promotes temperature inversions. D) reducing the reliance on biomass and fossil fuels for energy. - Ans →d 21) Unlike photochemical smog, the atmospheric brown cloud over much of south and central Asia A) occurs only during the daytime, when the sun is shining brightest. B) occurs year-round and includes black carbon and soot. C) occurs only in coastal regions, where salt aerosols are most abundant. D) results from the gases released from abundant rice fields and farm animals. - Ans →b 23) Which of the following is a major anthropogenic source of volatile organic compounds (VOCs)? A) coal-fired electrical generating plants B) agricultural fertilizers