A&P II : Exam 1 - Endocrine and Cardiovascular System Questions with Correct Answers

Cardiovascular System (CVS) - ANSWERSthe system that circulates blood through the body; consists of the heart and blood vessels CV Functions - ANSWERSTo transport materials to and from cells: (between blood and tissues) -oxygen and carbon dioxide -nutrients -hormones -immune system components -waste products CV components - ANSWERSA pump (the heart) A conducting system (blood vessels) A fluid medium (blood) blood functions - ANSWERStransportation, regulation, protection formed elements - ANSWERSred blood cells, white blood cells, platelets RBC - ANSWERSerythrocytes most abundant formed element pick up oxygen from lungs and deliver to body tissues, pick up some CO2 waste to exhale plasma - ANSWERSFluid portion of blood, 90% water to transport glucose, amino acids, vitamins, minerals, fatty acids extracellular matrix hemopoeisis - ANSWERSFormation of blood cells Occurs in red bone marrow plasma proteins - ANSWERSAlbumins: most abundant, via liver, binding site and transporting proteins for fatty acids and steroid hormones, maintains BP and blood volume Globulins: via plasma cells, 3 subgroups, for osmotic pressure, immunity, transport iron, lipids, fat soluble vitamins (A,D,E,K) Fibrinogen: via liver, essential for blood clotting serum - ANSWERSplasma fluid after the blood cells and the clotting proteins have been removed RBC structure - ANSWERSSmall and highly specialized disc Thin in middle and thicker at edge disc-shaped and foldable to fit thru the vessel no nucleus for more room for O2 hemoglobin - ANSWERSglobulin (4 folded chain proteins) + heme (Fe2+ iron ion, red pigment molecule) gives blood its red color one hemoglobin can transport 4 O2 molecules anemia (different kinds) - ANSWERSthe # of RBCs or hemoglobin is deficient blood loss anemias faulty production anemias: sickle cell, iron deficiency (most common) vitamin deficient anemias: megaloblastic anemia, pernicious anemia, pregnancy/celiac/medications/excessive alcohol assorted disease processes: aplastic anemia, thalassemia, lead exposure biliverdin - ANSWERSa green bile pigment produced from hemoglobin breakdown bilirubin - ANSWERSan orange-yellow pigment formed in the liver by the breakdown of hemoglobin and excreted in bile erythropoiesis - ANSWERSproduction of red blood cells hematopoietic factors - ANSWERS~EPO ~Thrombopoietin ~interleukins: body functioning, differentiation/maturation of cells, immunity, inflammation ~colony-stimulating factors: glycoproteins that are autocrine/paracrine, trigger the differentiation of myeloblast differentiation into granular leukocytes and monocytes - GM-CSF: stimulates granulocytes and monocytes - mulit-CSF: stimulated granulocytes, monocytes, erythrocytes, and platelets blood types - ANSWERSA+: A-antigens, B-antibodies, positive Rh factor A-: A antigens, B-antibodies, negative Rh factor B+: B antigens, A-antibodies, positive Rh factor B-: B antigens, A-antibodies, negative Rh factor AB+: AB antigens, NO antibodies, positive Rh factor UNIVERSAL RECIPIENT AB-: AB antigens, NO antibodies, negative Rh factor O+: NO antigens, A&B-antibodies, positive Rh factor O-: NO antigens, A&B-antibodies, negative Rh factor UNIVERSAL DONOR antibody - ANSWERSproteins produced by B lymphocyte plasma cells, attach to antigens on plasma membranes of infused RBCs and cause adherence antigen - ANSWERSsubstances the body does not recognize as belonging to self trigger a response from leukocytes of immune system Rh factor - ANSWERSD antigen on RBCs 85% Americans are Rh+ sensitization HDN hemolytic disease of the newborn is possible Erythroblastosis fetalis - ANSWERShemolytic disease in the newborn (HDN) caused by a blood group (Rh factor) incompatibility between the mother and the fetus if Rh+ baby is born to an Rh- mother, second child most likely impacted WBC - ANSWERSleukocytes defend against pathogens, mutated DNA, and clean up debris Essential for vessel repair - provide growth factors for healing WBC movement - ANSWERSamoeboid movement emigration/diapedesis: squeeze thru adjacent cells in blood vessel walls positive chemotaxis: movement in the direction in which chemicals are detected WBC types - %, action, morphology, etc. - ANSWERSgranular leukocytes: Neutrophils- 50-70% leukocyte count, best stain is neutral and granules appear lilac, consume bacteria through phagocytosis Basophils- <1% count, best stain in alkaline stains, granules appear dark blue, contribute to allergic reaction and call leukocytes to site of damage Eosinophils- 2-4% count, best stain in acidic (eosin), granules appear red-orange, destroy parasites and combat the effects of histamines agranular leukocytes: Monocytes- 2-8% count, from myeloid stem cells, DEVELOP INTO macrophages and remove debris after infection Lymphocytes- 20-30% count, ONLY ones from lymphoid stem cells, B cells, T cells, NK cells T cells - ANSWERSCells created in the thymus that produce substances that attack infected cells in the body such as fungus, cancer, viruses and transplanted cells B cells - ANSWERSCells manufactured in the bone marrow that create antibodies for isolating and destroying invading bacteria and viruses NK cells (natural killer cells) - ANSWERSattack and destroy foreign microbes myeloid stem cells - ANSWERSgive rise to red blood cells, monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, and platelets platelets - ANSWERSthrombocytes; cell fragments of megakaryocytes in the blood that are essential for blood clotting (coagulation) critical to homeostasis: stopping blood loss platelet circulation - ANSWERS1/3 to spleen for storage and later use in last 10 days are phagocytized by macrophages secrete growth factors for tissue growth and repair platelet counts - ANSWERS- 150,000 to 500,000 per microliter - Thrombocytopenia: abnormally low platelet count - Thrombocytosis: abnormally high platelet count platelet production - ANSWERSAlso called thrombocytopoiesis via thrombopoietin Occurs in bone marrow via platelet-precursor extensions ea. megakaryocyte releases ~ platelets during lifespan hemostasis - all stages - ANSWERSthe stoppage of blood flow following damage to a blood vessel STEPS: -vascular spasm -formation of platelet plug -coagulation fibrinolysis - ANSWERSthe gradual degradation of the clot complicated process involving factor XII and protein-catabolizing enzymes systemic circuit - ANSWERSCircuit of blood that carries blood between the heart and the rest of the body. pulmonary circuit - ANSWERSCarries blood to and from gas exchange surfaces of lungs chambers of the heart - ANSWERSright atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle auricles - ANSWERS"flaps" on the atria to increase the volume of the chamber location of the heart - ANSWERSThorax between the lungs in the inferior mediastinum pericardium - ANSWERSpericardial sac, directly surrounding heart 2 sublayers: fibrous pericardium, serous pericardium epicardium - ANSWERSinnermost pericardium = "visceral pericardium" covers heart and wraps around great blood vessels, adheres to the heart protective sac myocardium - ANSWERSmiddle layer surrounding the heart responsible for pumping action strong muscle tissue, thickest in L ventricle endocardium - ANSWERSinnermost lining of the heart lines interior structures (chambers, valves, papillary muscles) continuous with lining of blood vessels on the heart contract and relax the heart cardiac muscle cells - ANSWERSbranching chains of cells, uni- or binucleate striations; intercalated discs vena cava - ANSWERSOne of two large vessels (superior and inferior) that return deoxygenated blood to the right atrium of the heart largest veins in the body coronary sinus - ANSWERSenlarged vessel on the posterior aspect of the heart that empties blood into the right atrium foramen ovale - ANSWERSconnects the two atria in the fetal heart ductus arteriosus - ANSWERSa blood vessel in a fetus that bypasses pulmonary circulation by connecting the pulmonary artery directly to the ascending aorta pectinate muscles - ANSWERSinternal ridges of myocardium in right atrium and both auricles cusps - ANSWERSflaps of the AV and semilunar valves AV valves - ANSWERSatrioventricular valves tricuspid: between R atrium and R ventricle mitral (bicuspid): between L atrium and L ventricle trabeculae carnae - ANSWERSridges of cardiac muscle covered by endocardium that line ventricle walls chordae tendineae - ANSWERSthin bands of fibrous tissue that attach to the valves in the heart and prevent them from inverting semilunar valves - ANSWERSpulmonary: between R ventricle and the pulmonary artery aortic: between L ventricle and the aorta