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NR 507 Advanced Pathophysiology
Midterm Exam 2025 – Actual
Chamberlain Exam Questions with
Verified Answers | 100% Pass
Guaranteed
1. Which cellular process is primarily responsible for programmed cell death when
growth is excessive?
a) Necrosis
b) Apoptosis
c) Mitosis
d) Phagocytosis
Correct Answer: b) Apoptosis
Rationale: Apoptosis is the programmed, controlled process of cell death that eliminates
excess or damaged cells, maintaining tissue homeostasis. Necrosis is uncontrolled cell
death, mitosis is cell division, and phagocytosis involves engulfing debris.
2. What is the primary source of red blood cell (RBC) production in adults?
a) Spleen
b) Liver
c) Bone marrow
d) Lymph nodes
Correct Answer: c) Bone marrow
Rationale: In adults, hematopoiesis primarily occurs in the bone marrow, where RBCs,
white blood cells, and platelets are produced. The spleen and liver are primary sites in the
fetus but not in adults.
3. Which hypersensitivity reaction is associated with anaphylaxis after a bee sting?
a) Type I
b) Type II
c) Type III
d) Type IV
Correct Answer: a) Type I
Rationale: Type I hypersensitivity is IgE-mediated, leading to immediate allergic
reactions like anaphylaxis, characterized by symptoms such as swollen lips, shortness of
breath, and throat tightness.
4. A client presents with hemolysis after a mismatched blood transfusion. What type of
hypersensitivity reaction is this?
a) Type I
b) Type II
, 2
c) Type III
d) Type IV
Correct Answer: b) Type II
Rationale: Type II hypersensitivity involves IgG or IgM antibodies targeting specific
cells, such as RBCs in a mismatched transfusion, leading to complement-mediated
hemolysis.
5. What is the primary cause of secondary immune deficiencies worldwide?
a) Genetic mutations
b) Malnutrition
c) Viral infections
d) Autoimmune diseases
Correct Answer: b) Malnutrition
Rationale: Malnutrition is the leading cause of secondary immune deficiencies globally,
impairing immune cell function and response due to nutrient deficiencies.
6. Which antibody is the first produced in response to an antigen?
a) IgA
b) IgE
c) IgG
d) IgM
Correct Answer: d) IgM
Rationale: IgM is the first antibody produced during the primary immune response to an
antigen, initiating the immune cascade before IgG takes over.
7. A client with respiratory acidosis is receiving sodium bicarbonate. What is the
primary goal of this treatment?
a) Increase oxygen saturation
b) Correct pH imbalance
c) Reduce tidal volume
d) Increase carbon dioxide levels
Correct Answer: b) Correct pH imbalance
Rationale: Sodium bicarbonate is administered to correct the low pH in respiratory
acidosis by neutralizing excess hydrogen ions, restoring acid -base balance.
8. What is the most likely cause of decreased carbon dioxide levels in a client with
acute pain?
a) Hypoventilation
b) Hyperventilation
c) Pulmonary edema
d) Bronchial obstruction
Correct Answer: b) Hyperventilation
Rationale: Hyperventilation, often triggered by pain or anxiety, increases respiratory
rate, lowering CO2 levels and potentially causing respiratory alkalosis.
9. Which structure is part of the respiratory zone in the lungs?
a) Trachea
b) Bronchi
c) Alveoli
d) Pharynx
Correct Answer: c) Alveoli
, 3
Rationale: The respiratory zone, including alveoli, alveolar ducts, and respiratory
bronchioles, facilitates gas exchange, allowing oxygen to diffuse into capillaries and CO2
to be exhaled.
10. What is the primary effect of decongestants on the nasal mucosa?
a) Vasodilation
b) Vasoconstriction
c) Increased mucus production
d) Bronchodilation
Correct Answer: b) Vasoconstriction
Rationale: Decongestants reduce nasal congestion by causing vasoconstriction of the
nasal mucosa, decreasing swelling and improving airflow.
11. Which condition is associated with folate deficiency anemia?
a) Chronic renal failure
b) Chronic alcohol abuse
c) Iron deficiency
d) Sickle cell disease
Correct Answer: b) Chronic alcohol abuse
Rationale: Chronic alcohol abuse impairs folate absorption and metabolism, leading to
folate deficiency anemia, characterized by megaloblastic anemia.
12. What is the hallmark feature of cystic fibrosis?
a) Persistent lung infections
b) Hyperglycemia
c) Joint inflammation
d) Cardiac hypertrophy
Correct Answer: a) Persistent lung infections
Rationale: Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disorder causing thick mucus production, leading
to persistent lung infections and impaired respiratory function.
13. Which gene mutation is associated with excessive cell growth in cancer?
a) Rb gene
b) TP53 gene
c) BRCA1 gene
d) APC gene
Correct Answer: b) TP53 gene
Rationale: The TP53 gene, when mutated, fails to regulate cell growth, leading to
uncontrolled proliferation and cancer development.
14. A client with suspected respiratory acidosis should be assessed for which priority
items?
a) Skin color and temperature
b) Rate and depth of respirations
c) Blood pressure and pulse
d) Peripheral edema
Correct Answer: b) Rate and depth of respirations
Rationale: Respiratory acidosis results from hypoventilation, so assessing respiratory
rate and depth is critical to identify the underlying cause.
15. What is the primary site where aspirated foreign objects lodge in children?
a) Trachea
NR 507 Advanced Pathophysiology
Midterm Exam 2025 – Actual
Chamberlain Exam Questions with
Verified Answers | 100% Pass
Guaranteed
1. Which cellular process is primarily responsible for programmed cell death when
growth is excessive?
a) Necrosis
b) Apoptosis
c) Mitosis
d) Phagocytosis
Correct Answer: b) Apoptosis
Rationale: Apoptosis is the programmed, controlled process of cell death that eliminates
excess or damaged cells, maintaining tissue homeostasis. Necrosis is uncontrolled cell
death, mitosis is cell division, and phagocytosis involves engulfing debris.
2. What is the primary source of red blood cell (RBC) production in adults?
a) Spleen
b) Liver
c) Bone marrow
d) Lymph nodes
Correct Answer: c) Bone marrow
Rationale: In adults, hematopoiesis primarily occurs in the bone marrow, where RBCs,
white blood cells, and platelets are produced. The spleen and liver are primary sites in the
fetus but not in adults.
3. Which hypersensitivity reaction is associated with anaphylaxis after a bee sting?
a) Type I
b) Type II
c) Type III
d) Type IV
Correct Answer: a) Type I
Rationale: Type I hypersensitivity is IgE-mediated, leading to immediate allergic
reactions like anaphylaxis, characterized by symptoms such as swollen lips, shortness of
breath, and throat tightness.
4. A client presents with hemolysis after a mismatched blood transfusion. What type of
hypersensitivity reaction is this?
a) Type I
b) Type II
, 2
c) Type III
d) Type IV
Correct Answer: b) Type II
Rationale: Type II hypersensitivity involves IgG or IgM antibodies targeting specific
cells, such as RBCs in a mismatched transfusion, leading to complement-mediated
hemolysis.
5. What is the primary cause of secondary immune deficiencies worldwide?
a) Genetic mutations
b) Malnutrition
c) Viral infections
d) Autoimmune diseases
Correct Answer: b) Malnutrition
Rationale: Malnutrition is the leading cause of secondary immune deficiencies globally,
impairing immune cell function and response due to nutrient deficiencies.
6. Which antibody is the first produced in response to an antigen?
a) IgA
b) IgE
c) IgG
d) IgM
Correct Answer: d) IgM
Rationale: IgM is the first antibody produced during the primary immune response to an
antigen, initiating the immune cascade before IgG takes over.
7. A client with respiratory acidosis is receiving sodium bicarbonate. What is the
primary goal of this treatment?
a) Increase oxygen saturation
b) Correct pH imbalance
c) Reduce tidal volume
d) Increase carbon dioxide levels
Correct Answer: b) Correct pH imbalance
Rationale: Sodium bicarbonate is administered to correct the low pH in respiratory
acidosis by neutralizing excess hydrogen ions, restoring acid -base balance.
8. What is the most likely cause of decreased carbon dioxide levels in a client with
acute pain?
a) Hypoventilation
b) Hyperventilation
c) Pulmonary edema
d) Bronchial obstruction
Correct Answer: b) Hyperventilation
Rationale: Hyperventilation, often triggered by pain or anxiety, increases respiratory
rate, lowering CO2 levels and potentially causing respiratory alkalosis.
9. Which structure is part of the respiratory zone in the lungs?
a) Trachea
b) Bronchi
c) Alveoli
d) Pharynx
Correct Answer: c) Alveoli
, 3
Rationale: The respiratory zone, including alveoli, alveolar ducts, and respiratory
bronchioles, facilitates gas exchange, allowing oxygen to diffuse into capillaries and CO2
to be exhaled.
10. What is the primary effect of decongestants on the nasal mucosa?
a) Vasodilation
b) Vasoconstriction
c) Increased mucus production
d) Bronchodilation
Correct Answer: b) Vasoconstriction
Rationale: Decongestants reduce nasal congestion by causing vasoconstriction of the
nasal mucosa, decreasing swelling and improving airflow.
11. Which condition is associated with folate deficiency anemia?
a) Chronic renal failure
b) Chronic alcohol abuse
c) Iron deficiency
d) Sickle cell disease
Correct Answer: b) Chronic alcohol abuse
Rationale: Chronic alcohol abuse impairs folate absorption and metabolism, leading to
folate deficiency anemia, characterized by megaloblastic anemia.
12. What is the hallmark feature of cystic fibrosis?
a) Persistent lung infections
b) Hyperglycemia
c) Joint inflammation
d) Cardiac hypertrophy
Correct Answer: a) Persistent lung infections
Rationale: Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disorder causing thick mucus production, leading
to persistent lung infections and impaired respiratory function.
13. Which gene mutation is associated with excessive cell growth in cancer?
a) Rb gene
b) TP53 gene
c) BRCA1 gene
d) APC gene
Correct Answer: b) TP53 gene
Rationale: The TP53 gene, when mutated, fails to regulate cell growth, leading to
uncontrolled proliferation and cancer development.
14. A client with suspected respiratory acidosis should be assessed for which priority
items?
a) Skin color and temperature
b) Rate and depth of respirations
c) Blood pressure and pulse
d) Peripheral edema
Correct Answer: b) Rate and depth of respirations
Rationale: Respiratory acidosis results from hypoventilation, so assessing respiratory
rate and depth is critical to identify the underlying cause.
15. What is the primary site where aspirated foreign objects lodge in children?
a) Trachea
