NUR 211 MIDTERM EXAM STUDY GUIDE- CARDIOVASCULAR
FOCUS QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Acute Coronary Syndromes - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅An acute onset of ischemia to the myocardium,
encompassing unstable angina and non-ST-elevation and ST-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI,
STEMI).
Risk factors for Acute Coronary Syndromes - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Male sex, post menopause,
sedentary lifestyle, hypertension, tobacco use, hyperlipidemia, BMI greater than 30, excessive alcohol
consumption, metabolic disorders (DM, hyperthyroidism), methamphetamine or cocaine use, stress
(with ineffective coping skills), and age.
Clinical manifestations of Acute Coronary Syndromes - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Anxiety, feeling of
impending doom, chest pain (substernal or precordial), weakness or numbness in arms, indigestion,
nausea, dizziness, and atypical angina in females.
Stable Angina - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Precipitated by exertion or stress, pain relieved with rest or
nitroglycerin, manifestations last less than 15 minutes, not associated with nausea, epigastric distress,
dyspnea, anxiety, or diaphoresis.
Unstable Angina/MI - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Can occur without cause, often in the morning after rest,
relieved only by opioids, manifestations last more than 30 minutes, associated with nausea, epigastric
distress, dyspnea, anxiety, and diaphoresis.
Myoglobin in diagnostics - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Not evident after 24 hours.
Creatine kinase-MB in diagnostics - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Evident 24 hours to 3 days after myocardial
injury.
Troponin I or T in diagnostics - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Any positive value indicates damage to cardiac
tissue; not evident after 10 days.
Electrocardiogram (ECG) for Angina - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅ST depression and/or T wave inversion
indicates ischemia.
,Electrocardiogram (ECG) for MI - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅T-wave inversion indicates ischemia; ST-
segment elevation indicates injury; abnormal Q wave indicates necrosis.
NSTEMI - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅No significant ECG changes or persistent ST elevations.
STEMI - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅ST elevations in 2 separate leads.
Stress test - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Exercise electrocardiography.
Thallium scan - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Assesses for ischemia or necrosis.
Medical management (MONA) - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Morphine, Oxygen, Nitroglycerin, Aspirin.
Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI) - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Includes balloon angioplasty and
stent placement, performed within 90 minutes of arrival in STEMI.
Thrombolytic Therapy - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Used when PCI is not immediately available;
administered within 6 hours of symptom onset.
Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG) - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Indicated for severe multi-vessel disease
or failed PCI, involves grafting vessels to bypass blocked arteries.
Patient Education for Cardiac Patients - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Medication adherence, lifestyle
modifications, recognizing warning signs, and cardiac rehabilitation.
Lifestyle Modifications for Cardiac Health - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Quit smoking, low-sodium, low-fat
diet, regular exercise, weight management.
Warning Signs of Cardiac Issues - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Chest pain, dyspnea, fatigue, nausea.
, Wound Care for CABG - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Keep incision clean and dry, report signs of infection.
Avoiding NSAIDs post-CABG - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅NSAIDs can increase cardiovascular risk.
Heart Failure - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅The inability of the heart to pump blood effectively to meet the
body's needs, affecting the left side, right side, or both (biventricular failure).
Biventricular HF - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Symptoms of both left and right sided HF.
Left sided HF - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Pulmonary congestion and systemic fluid overload.
Right sided HF - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Worsening exercise intolerance.
Dyspnea - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Shortness of breath.
Orthopnea - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Difficulty breathing when lying down.
Crackles in the lungs - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Abnormal lung sounds indicating fluid.
Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (PND) - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Sudden shortness of breath at night.
Fatigue - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Extreme tiredness or lack of energy.
Cough with frothy sputum - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Coughing up fluid that appears foamy.
Decreased urine output - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Lower than normal urine production.
FOCUS QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Acute Coronary Syndromes - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅An acute onset of ischemia to the myocardium,
encompassing unstable angina and non-ST-elevation and ST-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI,
STEMI).
Risk factors for Acute Coronary Syndromes - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Male sex, post menopause,
sedentary lifestyle, hypertension, tobacco use, hyperlipidemia, BMI greater than 30, excessive alcohol
consumption, metabolic disorders (DM, hyperthyroidism), methamphetamine or cocaine use, stress
(with ineffective coping skills), and age.
Clinical manifestations of Acute Coronary Syndromes - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Anxiety, feeling of
impending doom, chest pain (substernal or precordial), weakness or numbness in arms, indigestion,
nausea, dizziness, and atypical angina in females.
Stable Angina - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Precipitated by exertion or stress, pain relieved with rest or
nitroglycerin, manifestations last less than 15 minutes, not associated with nausea, epigastric distress,
dyspnea, anxiety, or diaphoresis.
Unstable Angina/MI - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Can occur without cause, often in the morning after rest,
relieved only by opioids, manifestations last more than 30 minutes, associated with nausea, epigastric
distress, dyspnea, anxiety, and diaphoresis.
Myoglobin in diagnostics - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Not evident after 24 hours.
Creatine kinase-MB in diagnostics - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Evident 24 hours to 3 days after myocardial
injury.
Troponin I or T in diagnostics - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Any positive value indicates damage to cardiac
tissue; not evident after 10 days.
Electrocardiogram (ECG) for Angina - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅ST depression and/or T wave inversion
indicates ischemia.
,Electrocardiogram (ECG) for MI - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅T-wave inversion indicates ischemia; ST-
segment elevation indicates injury; abnormal Q wave indicates necrosis.
NSTEMI - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅No significant ECG changes or persistent ST elevations.
STEMI - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅ST elevations in 2 separate leads.
Stress test - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Exercise electrocardiography.
Thallium scan - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Assesses for ischemia or necrosis.
Medical management (MONA) - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Morphine, Oxygen, Nitroglycerin, Aspirin.
Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI) - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Includes balloon angioplasty and
stent placement, performed within 90 minutes of arrival in STEMI.
Thrombolytic Therapy - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Used when PCI is not immediately available;
administered within 6 hours of symptom onset.
Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG) - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Indicated for severe multi-vessel disease
or failed PCI, involves grafting vessels to bypass blocked arteries.
Patient Education for Cardiac Patients - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Medication adherence, lifestyle
modifications, recognizing warning signs, and cardiac rehabilitation.
Lifestyle Modifications for Cardiac Health - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Quit smoking, low-sodium, low-fat
diet, regular exercise, weight management.
Warning Signs of Cardiac Issues - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Chest pain, dyspnea, fatigue, nausea.
, Wound Care for CABG - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Keep incision clean and dry, report signs of infection.
Avoiding NSAIDs post-CABG - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅NSAIDs can increase cardiovascular risk.
Heart Failure - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅The inability of the heart to pump blood effectively to meet the
body's needs, affecting the left side, right side, or both (biventricular failure).
Biventricular HF - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Symptoms of both left and right sided HF.
Left sided HF - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Pulmonary congestion and systemic fluid overload.
Right sided HF - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Worsening exercise intolerance.
Dyspnea - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Shortness of breath.
Orthopnea - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Difficulty breathing when lying down.
Crackles in the lungs - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Abnormal lung sounds indicating fluid.
Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (PND) - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Sudden shortness of breath at night.
Fatigue - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Extreme tiredness or lack of energy.
Cough with frothy sputum - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Coughing up fluid that appears foamy.
Decreased urine output - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Lower than normal urine production.
