Pathophysiology NSG 533 Exam 1 2025
Questions and Answers
What are the five essential components of pathophysiology? - ....ANSWER ...-1.
Etiology (Causative mechanisms)
2. Epidemiology (risk factors and distribution in populations)
3. Pathogenesis (disease mechanism)
4. clinical manifestations (signs, symptoms and diagnostic criteria)
5. Outcomes (cure, remission, chronicity, or death)
The "why" of disease- what is the reason for it- what caused it to happen? May be
simple/complex. - ....ANSWER ...-etiology
Looks at the pattern of disease among groups or aggregates or populations. This
component of disease represents the relationship between numerous population
characteristics (e.g. age, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, geographic location) and the
incidence and prevalence of disease. - ....ANSWER ...-Epidemiology
Involves the sequence of events that occurs between the stimulus event(s) and the
manifestations of the disease. - ....ANSWER ...-pathogenesis
Tell an individual and their health care provider that something is wrong. e.g. Signs and
symptoms - ....ANSWER ...-Clinical manifestations
…FOR STUDENTS ONLY…©️2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED… 1
,Are relatively easy to understand if you review their definitions (cure, remission,
chronicity, or death) - ....ANSWER ...-Outcomes
What are the 4 common mechanisms that characterize all cell injury and death? Give 2
examples of each. - ....ANSWER ...-1. ATP depletion- Ischemia and Anemia
2. Oxygen and oxygen-derived free radicals- Chemical and radiation injury, ischemia
reperfusion injury, microbial killing by phagocytes, and cellular aging
3. intracellular calcium and loss of calcium steady state- Ischemia and certain chemicals
4. Defects in membrane permeability- Certain medications that can lead to liver or
kidney damage
The disease mechanism that is the basis of much of the disease today- and most of the
cases involve hypoxia. Refers to the inability of the cell to produce adequate energy to
fuel normal activities of that particular cell type (cell membrane pumps and protein
synthesis) and function. - ....ANSWER ...-ATP depletion
A very inefficient method of ATP production (yields 2 ATP) - ....ANSWER ...-
glycolysis
Is a very efficient method of ATP production (yields 36 ATP) - ....ANSWER ...-
Oxidative Phosphorylation
What is the most common method of impairing oxygen and ATP production? -
....ANSWER ...-hypoxia
…FOR STUDENTS ONLY…©️2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED… 2
, Can lead to irreversible cell injury directly through impairment of energy production in
the cell. - ....ANSWER ...-Ischemia
What are the cellular events that occur with ischemia-induced- hypoxic injury? -
....ANSWER ...-1. The amount of ATP production within the mitochondria
declines
2. The drop in ATP causes NA-K- ATPase pump on CM to fail. Which then leads to
increase in NA+,H2O, and Ca+ in cell and decrease in K+ in cell.
3. Increase in water in cell causes cell and it's organelles to swell.
4. When RER swell it's ribosomes fall off and protein synthesis stops.
5. ATP production through phosphorylation declines and glycolysis (anaerobic
metabolism) increases. When glycolysis increases in the cell glycogen stores are
depleted.
6. Glycolysis also produces lactic acid as by-product. Glycolysis also = intracellular pH
decline ( the cell functions within narrow range of pH and even slight drop can
incapacitate the cell).
7. Drop in pH causes clumping of nuclear material called pyknosis. Leads to
fragmentation of the nuclear material (karyorrhexis) and then to dissolution of nuclear
membrane (karyolysis). Decline in pH= rupture of already swollen lysosomes and
release of proteolytic enzymes= autodigestion of cell contents and cell membrane.
8. Disruption of CM also increases Ca+ influx into the cell and organelles= activate
proteases, endonucleases, and phospholipases that proceed to destroy the cell.
Unstable compounds with an unpaired electron in its outer ring. They have a particular
affinity for lipid substances. They combine avidly with cell or organelle membrane.
…FOR STUDENTS ONLY…©️2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED… 3
Questions and Answers
What are the five essential components of pathophysiology? - ....ANSWER ...-1.
Etiology (Causative mechanisms)
2. Epidemiology (risk factors and distribution in populations)
3. Pathogenesis (disease mechanism)
4. clinical manifestations (signs, symptoms and diagnostic criteria)
5. Outcomes (cure, remission, chronicity, or death)
The "why" of disease- what is the reason for it- what caused it to happen? May be
simple/complex. - ....ANSWER ...-etiology
Looks at the pattern of disease among groups or aggregates or populations. This
component of disease represents the relationship between numerous population
characteristics (e.g. age, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, geographic location) and the
incidence and prevalence of disease. - ....ANSWER ...-Epidemiology
Involves the sequence of events that occurs between the stimulus event(s) and the
manifestations of the disease. - ....ANSWER ...-pathogenesis
Tell an individual and their health care provider that something is wrong. e.g. Signs and
symptoms - ....ANSWER ...-Clinical manifestations
…FOR STUDENTS ONLY…©️2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED… 1
,Are relatively easy to understand if you review their definitions (cure, remission,
chronicity, or death) - ....ANSWER ...-Outcomes
What are the 4 common mechanisms that characterize all cell injury and death? Give 2
examples of each. - ....ANSWER ...-1. ATP depletion- Ischemia and Anemia
2. Oxygen and oxygen-derived free radicals- Chemical and radiation injury, ischemia
reperfusion injury, microbial killing by phagocytes, and cellular aging
3. intracellular calcium and loss of calcium steady state- Ischemia and certain chemicals
4. Defects in membrane permeability- Certain medications that can lead to liver or
kidney damage
The disease mechanism that is the basis of much of the disease today- and most of the
cases involve hypoxia. Refers to the inability of the cell to produce adequate energy to
fuel normal activities of that particular cell type (cell membrane pumps and protein
synthesis) and function. - ....ANSWER ...-ATP depletion
A very inefficient method of ATP production (yields 2 ATP) - ....ANSWER ...-
glycolysis
Is a very efficient method of ATP production (yields 36 ATP) - ....ANSWER ...-
Oxidative Phosphorylation
What is the most common method of impairing oxygen and ATP production? -
....ANSWER ...-hypoxia
…FOR STUDENTS ONLY…©️2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED… 2
, Can lead to irreversible cell injury directly through impairment of energy production in
the cell. - ....ANSWER ...-Ischemia
What are the cellular events that occur with ischemia-induced- hypoxic injury? -
....ANSWER ...-1. The amount of ATP production within the mitochondria
declines
2. The drop in ATP causes NA-K- ATPase pump on CM to fail. Which then leads to
increase in NA+,H2O, and Ca+ in cell and decrease in K+ in cell.
3. Increase in water in cell causes cell and it's organelles to swell.
4. When RER swell it's ribosomes fall off and protein synthesis stops.
5. ATP production through phosphorylation declines and glycolysis (anaerobic
metabolism) increases. When glycolysis increases in the cell glycogen stores are
depleted.
6. Glycolysis also produces lactic acid as by-product. Glycolysis also = intracellular pH
decline ( the cell functions within narrow range of pH and even slight drop can
incapacitate the cell).
7. Drop in pH causes clumping of nuclear material called pyknosis. Leads to
fragmentation of the nuclear material (karyorrhexis) and then to dissolution of nuclear
membrane (karyolysis). Decline in pH= rupture of already swollen lysosomes and
release of proteolytic enzymes= autodigestion of cell contents and cell membrane.
8. Disruption of CM also increases Ca+ influx into the cell and organelles= activate
proteases, endonucleases, and phospholipases that proceed to destroy the cell.
Unstable compounds with an unpaired electron in its outer ring. They have a particular
affinity for lipid substances. They combine avidly with cell or organelle membrane.
…FOR STUDENTS ONLY…©️2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED… 3
