Patho NSG 533 Exam 3 2025 Questions
and Answers
(5) Non-modifiable risk factors for CAD - ....ANSWER ...-(1) Age
(2) Gender
(3) Ethnicity
(4) Family history
(5) Genetic predisposition
(6) Traditional modifiable risk factors for CAD - ....ANSWER ...-(1) Dyslipidemia
(abnormal serum lipoproteins)
(2) HTN (endothelial injury and myocardial hypertrophy)
(3) Cigarette Smoking (endothelial injury and oxygen radicals)
(4) Diabetes (endothelial injury and vessel wall damage)
(5) Obesity/Sedentary Lifestyle (strongest link to CAD)
(6) Atherogenic Diet (high in salt, fat, trans fat, carbs)
(10) Novel risk factors for CAD - ....ANSWER ...-(1) Markers of Inflammation,
ischemia and thrombosis (c-reactive protein, troponin, fibrinogen)
(2) Adipokines (adiponectin, leptin)
(3) CKD (as GFR declines, risk for CAD increases)
…FOR STUDENTS ONLY…©️2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED… 1
,(4) Air Pollution and Ionizing Radiation
(5) Medications (NSAIDS increase risk for CAD)
(6) Coronary Artery Calcification and Carotid Artery Wall Thickness
(7) Microbiome (diet/lifestyle)
(8) Elevated Fibrinogen (inflammatory marker)
(9) Elevated LDL particle number (cholesterol concentration within particles)
(10) Small, dense LDLs (vs. large fluffy lipoprotein)
Lipids - ....ANSWER ...-Refers to cholesterol in particular. Required by most cells
for manufacture/repair of plasma membranes.
High dietary intake of cholesterol and fats results in high levels of LDL in the
bloodstream, which can lead to Atherosclerosis and contribute to CAD
Lipoproteins - ....ANSWER ...-Refers to lipids, phospholipids, cholesterol, and
triglycerides bound to carrier proteins.
- LDL (low-density lipoprotein): contain mostly cholesterol and protein.
- HDL (high-density lipoprotein): mainly phospholipids and protein
- VLDL (very-low-density lipoprotein): mainly triglyceride and protein
Atherosclerosis - ....ANSWER ...-- Progressive, multifactorial disease process that
generally begins in childhood; clinical manifestations occur in middle to late adulthood,
that results in the variable composition of lesions
…FOR STUDENTS ONLY…©️2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED… 2
,- High dietary intake of cholesterol and fats results in high levels of LDL in the
bloodstream. LDL oxidation, migration into the vessel wall, and phagocytosis by
macrophages result in fatty deposits called plaques to form on the inner walls of the
arteries
Describe the relationship between HDL (high-density lipoprotein), LDL (low-density
lipoprotein), VLDL (very-low-density lipoprotein), and CAD - ....ANSWER ...-Low
levels of HDL pose risk for CAD. HDL is responsible for returning excessive cholesterol
to the liver for elimination or conversion to cholesterol-containing steroids. HDL can
also remove excessive cholesterol through the arterial wall. It can protect LDL from
oxidation, preserve endothelial function, and promote anti-inflammatory and
antithrombotic effects. VLDL pose risk for CAD, especially in combination with other
risk factors such as diabetes
Total Cholesterol risk levels for CAD (dyslipidemia criteria) - ....ANSWER ...-<200
= desirable
200-239 = borderline
≥240 = high
LDL risk levels for CAD (dyslipidemia criteria) - ....ANSWER ...-<100 = optimal
100-129 = near optimal
130-159 = borderline
160-189 = high
≥190 = very high
…FOR STUDENTS ONLY…©️2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED… 3
, HDL risk levels for CAD (dyslipidemia criteria) - ....ANSWER ...-<40 = low
≥60 = high
Triglyceride risk levels for CAD (dyslipidemia criteria) - ....ANSWER ...-<150 =
desirable
150-199 = borderline
200-499 = high
≥500 = very high
Atherosclerotic plaque/lesion - ....ANSWER ...-- Likely to develop following
endothelial injury; areas of increased shear wall stress are
especially vulnerable
Fatty streak → Fibrous-fatty plaque → Advanced complicated lesion
Fatty streak (early damage to vessel wall) - ....ANSWER ...-- Focal thickening of
the intima
- Increase in smooth muscle cells and extracellular matrix
- Smooth muscle cells migrate and proliferate into the intima
- Lipid deposits accumulate
…FOR STUDENTS ONLY…©️2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED… 4
and Answers
(5) Non-modifiable risk factors for CAD - ....ANSWER ...-(1) Age
(2) Gender
(3) Ethnicity
(4) Family history
(5) Genetic predisposition
(6) Traditional modifiable risk factors for CAD - ....ANSWER ...-(1) Dyslipidemia
(abnormal serum lipoproteins)
(2) HTN (endothelial injury and myocardial hypertrophy)
(3) Cigarette Smoking (endothelial injury and oxygen radicals)
(4) Diabetes (endothelial injury and vessel wall damage)
(5) Obesity/Sedentary Lifestyle (strongest link to CAD)
(6) Atherogenic Diet (high in salt, fat, trans fat, carbs)
(10) Novel risk factors for CAD - ....ANSWER ...-(1) Markers of Inflammation,
ischemia and thrombosis (c-reactive protein, troponin, fibrinogen)
(2) Adipokines (adiponectin, leptin)
(3) CKD (as GFR declines, risk for CAD increases)
…FOR STUDENTS ONLY…©️2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED… 1
,(4) Air Pollution and Ionizing Radiation
(5) Medications (NSAIDS increase risk for CAD)
(6) Coronary Artery Calcification and Carotid Artery Wall Thickness
(7) Microbiome (diet/lifestyle)
(8) Elevated Fibrinogen (inflammatory marker)
(9) Elevated LDL particle number (cholesterol concentration within particles)
(10) Small, dense LDLs (vs. large fluffy lipoprotein)
Lipids - ....ANSWER ...-Refers to cholesterol in particular. Required by most cells
for manufacture/repair of plasma membranes.
High dietary intake of cholesterol and fats results in high levels of LDL in the
bloodstream, which can lead to Atherosclerosis and contribute to CAD
Lipoproteins - ....ANSWER ...-Refers to lipids, phospholipids, cholesterol, and
triglycerides bound to carrier proteins.
- LDL (low-density lipoprotein): contain mostly cholesterol and protein.
- HDL (high-density lipoprotein): mainly phospholipids and protein
- VLDL (very-low-density lipoprotein): mainly triglyceride and protein
Atherosclerosis - ....ANSWER ...-- Progressive, multifactorial disease process that
generally begins in childhood; clinical manifestations occur in middle to late adulthood,
that results in the variable composition of lesions
…FOR STUDENTS ONLY…©️2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED… 2
,- High dietary intake of cholesterol and fats results in high levels of LDL in the
bloodstream. LDL oxidation, migration into the vessel wall, and phagocytosis by
macrophages result in fatty deposits called plaques to form on the inner walls of the
arteries
Describe the relationship between HDL (high-density lipoprotein), LDL (low-density
lipoprotein), VLDL (very-low-density lipoprotein), and CAD - ....ANSWER ...-Low
levels of HDL pose risk for CAD. HDL is responsible for returning excessive cholesterol
to the liver for elimination or conversion to cholesterol-containing steroids. HDL can
also remove excessive cholesterol through the arterial wall. It can protect LDL from
oxidation, preserve endothelial function, and promote anti-inflammatory and
antithrombotic effects. VLDL pose risk for CAD, especially in combination with other
risk factors such as diabetes
Total Cholesterol risk levels for CAD (dyslipidemia criteria) - ....ANSWER ...-<200
= desirable
200-239 = borderline
≥240 = high
LDL risk levels for CAD (dyslipidemia criteria) - ....ANSWER ...-<100 = optimal
100-129 = near optimal
130-159 = borderline
160-189 = high
≥190 = very high
…FOR STUDENTS ONLY…©️2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED… 3
, HDL risk levels for CAD (dyslipidemia criteria) - ....ANSWER ...-<40 = low
≥60 = high
Triglyceride risk levels for CAD (dyslipidemia criteria) - ....ANSWER ...-<150 =
desirable
150-199 = borderline
200-499 = high
≥500 = very high
Atherosclerotic plaque/lesion - ....ANSWER ...-- Likely to develop following
endothelial injury; areas of increased shear wall stress are
especially vulnerable
Fatty streak → Fibrous-fatty plaque → Advanced complicated lesion
Fatty streak (early damage to vessel wall) - ....ANSWER ...-- Focal thickening of
the intima
- Increase in smooth muscle cells and extracellular matrix
- Smooth muscle cells migrate and proliferate into the intima
- Lipid deposits accumulate
…FOR STUDENTS ONLY…©️2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED… 4
