NSG 533 Exam 3 2025 Questions and
Answers
Universal stages of Heart Failure (HF) - ....ANSWER ...-- At-risk for HF
- Pre HF
- HF
- Advanced HF
according to the universal definition, what is "at-risk for HF"? - ....ANSWER ...--
do not have HF, but at risk
- no current or prior s/s
- no structural, functional, or biomarker evidence supporting HF
according to the universal definition, what is "HF" - ....ANSWER ...-- clinical
syndrome
- current or prior s/s of HF
- caused by structural of functional cardiac abnormality
- elevated natriuretic peptide levels
- evidence of pulmonary or systemic congestion
who is most at risk for HF - ....ANSWER ...-black males and females; older women
…FOR STUDENTS ONLY…©️2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED… 1
,two biggest causes of HF - ....ANSWER ...-1. ischemic heart disease (CAD)
2. HTN
calculate EF - ....ANSWER ...-SV/LVEDV
synonym for inotropy - ....ANSWER ...-contraction (HFrEF)
synonym for lusitropy - ....ANSWER ...-relaxation (HFpEF)
two organizations for classification of HF - ....ANSWER ...-1. American Heart
Assocation (A,B,C,D) - based on structure
2. New York Heart Association (None, I, I, II, III, IV, V) - based on physical activity
limitations
how to distinguish cardiac dysfunction versus cardiac HF - ....ANSWER ...-cardiac
dysfunction has structural abnormalities w/o symptoms
once a patient develops symptoms along with structural abnormalities, they have HF
compensatory mechanisms for HF - ....ANSWER ...-1. Hemodynamics (Frank
Starling Law) - can give inotropes as short term use to increase contractility (long-term
can cause mortality)
2. SNS activation (increase contractility, tachycardia, vasoconstriction)
3. RAAS activation (angiotensin II binds to AT 1 Receptor - vasoconstriction)
…FOR STUDENTS ONLY…©️2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED… 2
, two types of angiotensin II - ....ANSWER ...-1. circulating
2. tissue-derived
effects of circulating angiotensin II on HF - ....ANSWER ...-- causes
vasoconstriction
- increases secretion of ADH
- increase aldosterone secretion
- increases sodium reabsorption
are aldosterone levels high or low in HF? - ....ANSWER ...-20x higher than normal
effects of aldosterone on HF - ....ANSWER ...-- increases sodium and water
reabsorption
- decreased potassium and magnesium
- decreased baroreceptor reflex
- sympathetic activation
list the comprehensive risk factors of Coronary Artery Disease - ....ANSWER ...--
dyslipidemia
- genetic studies
- modifiable risk factors
- non-modifiable risk factors
- novel risk factors
…FOR STUDENTS ONLY…©️2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED… 3
Answers
Universal stages of Heart Failure (HF) - ....ANSWER ...-- At-risk for HF
- Pre HF
- HF
- Advanced HF
according to the universal definition, what is "at-risk for HF"? - ....ANSWER ...--
do not have HF, but at risk
- no current or prior s/s
- no structural, functional, or biomarker evidence supporting HF
according to the universal definition, what is "HF" - ....ANSWER ...-- clinical
syndrome
- current or prior s/s of HF
- caused by structural of functional cardiac abnormality
- elevated natriuretic peptide levels
- evidence of pulmonary or systemic congestion
who is most at risk for HF - ....ANSWER ...-black males and females; older women
…FOR STUDENTS ONLY…©️2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED… 1
,two biggest causes of HF - ....ANSWER ...-1. ischemic heart disease (CAD)
2. HTN
calculate EF - ....ANSWER ...-SV/LVEDV
synonym for inotropy - ....ANSWER ...-contraction (HFrEF)
synonym for lusitropy - ....ANSWER ...-relaxation (HFpEF)
two organizations for classification of HF - ....ANSWER ...-1. American Heart
Assocation (A,B,C,D) - based on structure
2. New York Heart Association (None, I, I, II, III, IV, V) - based on physical activity
limitations
how to distinguish cardiac dysfunction versus cardiac HF - ....ANSWER ...-cardiac
dysfunction has structural abnormalities w/o symptoms
once a patient develops symptoms along with structural abnormalities, they have HF
compensatory mechanisms for HF - ....ANSWER ...-1. Hemodynamics (Frank
Starling Law) - can give inotropes as short term use to increase contractility (long-term
can cause mortality)
2. SNS activation (increase contractility, tachycardia, vasoconstriction)
3. RAAS activation (angiotensin II binds to AT 1 Receptor - vasoconstriction)
…FOR STUDENTS ONLY…©️2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED… 2
, two types of angiotensin II - ....ANSWER ...-1. circulating
2. tissue-derived
effects of circulating angiotensin II on HF - ....ANSWER ...-- causes
vasoconstriction
- increases secretion of ADH
- increase aldosterone secretion
- increases sodium reabsorption
are aldosterone levels high or low in HF? - ....ANSWER ...-20x higher than normal
effects of aldosterone on HF - ....ANSWER ...-- increases sodium and water
reabsorption
- decreased potassium and magnesium
- decreased baroreceptor reflex
- sympathetic activation
list the comprehensive risk factors of Coronary Artery Disease - ....ANSWER ...--
dyslipidemia
- genetic studies
- modifiable risk factors
- non-modifiable risk factors
- novel risk factors
…FOR STUDENTS ONLY…©️2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED… 3
