Pathophysiology Exam 2-Cardiovascular and Respiratory Disorders Questions and Correct Answers

Pathophysiology Exam 2-Cardiovascular and Respiratory Disorders Questions and Correct Answers What values classify hypertension? - Normal: <120 and <80 Prehypertension: 120-139 or 80-89 Stage 1 Hypertension: 140-159 or 90-99 Stage 2 Hypertension: >160 or >100 What does Systolic Blood Pressure measure? - The pressure of the heart to force blood out. The pressure to contract. What does Diastolic Blood Pressure measure? - The pressure when the heart is relaxed and filling What does having hypertension increase the risk of developing/occuring? - 1. Ischemic heart disease (not enough oxygen to the heart tissue) 2. Kidney Disease (can cause high blood pressure but high blood pressure can also make kidney disease worse) 3. Peripheral Vascular Disease 4. Stroke -Note: High BP can worsen diabetes. They don't cause each other but worse each other What are the risk factors for the development of Hypertension? - Primary Hypertension-Genetic -May have LDL receptor deficiency or LDL may be defective in families. -Xanthomas may occur (cholesterol deposits along tendons in eyes or face) -Atherosclerosis develops early; MI before 40 is common Secondary Hypertension-Lifestyle/Health Problems -High calorie intake, sedentary lifestyle, diabetes What is the treatment for hypertension? - Lipid lowering drugs Dietary changes Exercise What would cause a DVT? Signs/Symptoms? - A DVT is the presence of a thrombus (clot) in a vein with an accompanying inflammatory response. These are usually found in the superficial and deep veins of the lower extremeties (calves) Signs and Symtoms: Pain, Swelling, deep muscle tenderness (calf pain) Note: 50% of patients with a DVT are asymptomatic What is the difference between Varicose Veins and Venous Insufficiency? - Varicose Veins are the result of being on your feet a lot. It is commonly seen in women. Varicose Veins in the result of impaired venous return which causes an increase in capillary pressure which causes edema which leads to darkened and raised veins. Treatment involves returning the venous flow and reducing the pressure. This can be done by using compression stockings, laser therapy, or surgery to put a stent in. Note: Valves in the illiac and femoral veins compensate Chronic Venous Insufficiency is the result of a DVT not being recognized. It is stuck. Causes a leaky valve in the deep veins of the legs. This leads to tissue congestion, edema, and impaired nutrition. Since the thrombus is not moving, it causes irritation of the skin which can ulcer. This is treated aggresively with anticoagulation therapy. What regulates Blood Pressure in the long term? - Kidneys What regulates Blood Pressure in the short term? - Sympathetic Nervous System Identify the common causes of primary hypertension and secondary hypertension. - Primary Hypertension: Constitutional Factors-Can't do anything about these factors. (Family history, race, age). Occurs earlier and more severe in African American population. Insulin resistance can also cause primary hypertension. Lifestyle Factors: High Na+ (Sodium) intake, obesity, inactivity, excess alcohol consumption, oral contraceptives, and stress. (Stress elevates the heart rate which elevates cardiac output which elevates blood pressure.) Secondary Hypertension: Kidney disease is the number one cause!!!!!!!!!!! Also caused by adrenocorticol disorders, phenochromocytoma (tumor of adrenal medulla which causes excessive release of epinephrine), and cocaine Postural (Orthostatic) Hypotension-what is it? Who is at risk? - It is a decrease in systolic blood pressure when moving to an upright position. This causes an increase in heart rate. This can be a result of a problem with the vasomotor or baroreceptor response, adverse effect of drug therapy, arterial stiffness, secondary disease process, age, and loss of blood volume. While the precise cause of essential hypertension is unknown, all of the following may be considered contributing factors EXCEPT: A. Pheochromocytoma B. Increased sodium intake C. Family History D. Obesity - A. Pheochromocytoma The initiating event in the formation of atherosclerotic plaques is thought to be... A. Endothelial Injury B. Hyperlipidemia C. Activated Macrophages D. High levels of LDL - A. Endothelial Injury