KEY FIGURES AND FACTS
HIPPOCRATES
● Theory of the four humours
● CREATED IN THE 5TH CENTURY
○ BLOOD (spring- hot and wet)
○ Choler/YELLOW BILE (summer- hot and dry)
○ BLACK BILE (Autumn- cold and dry)
○ PHLEGM (Winter- cold and wet)
GALEN
● Theory of opposites
● Dissected lizards and pigs
● Believed blood was made in the liver and the Jaw bone was split in two
● Articela book based off of his ideas
○ WHY WAS IT POPULAR?
■ Could explain almost any type of illness
■ Supported by the Church as his theory supported the idea of a soul which
aligned with Chrsitian beliefs
■
VESALIUS
● Used vivisections (dissection of criminals) to show Galen’s ideas were wrong
● Faced opposition for criticising Galen and had to leave his job
○ Challenged The belief that blood was made in the liver etc
● Published ‘On The Fabric Of The Human Body’ in 1543 with illustrations based off of
his dissections
● Inspired and encouraged other doctors to do dissections
● MADE ANATOMY FASHIONABLE
○ He contributed to improving all fields of medicine rather than just one
HARVEY
● Theory of circulation 1628
● Challenged Galen's belief that blood was produced in the liver and used as a fuel
● Showed that the heart was a pump
● Used valves to show blood could only flow one way
● His theories were the first step towards successful blood transfusions and transplants
which we still use today (1901 blood groups were discovered which made transfusions
possible)
● DISCOVERED CAPILLARIES
● Employed by Charles the 1st as a personal physician which gave him more
credibility
Harvey was ridiculed and his ideas weren’t accepted at first by the medical community
Medical textbooks still continued to give Galen’s account until 1665
SYDENHAM
● THE ENGLISH HIPPOCRATES
, ● Belief in treating patients symptoms and observing the outcomes rather than blindly
copying books HELPED TO PROMOTE THE SCIENTIFIC APPROACH
● Disease should be seen as a whole rather than specific symptoms
● Belief the nature of the patient had little to do with the disease
○ Popularised use of cinchona bark from Peru to treat Malaria
● Recorded his observations to see patterns in his patients illnesses, he used these
to classify diseases into different types depending on symptoms experienced
● In 1676 Sydenham published his book ‘medical observations’
PARE
● Stopped using hot oil to seal wounds
● Created his own remedy of egg whites, rose water and turpentine
● Specialised in battle medicine so his discovery wasn’t impactful to any ordinary person
PASTEUR: Germ theory
● Boiling water experiment, covered one flask but not another, covered one was still
sterile, proved germs were in air and disproved spontaneous generation
● Found theory in 1861 and presented in 1871
● 1878 PUBLISHED GERM THEORY OF INFECTION TO SHOW FINDINGS
● Inspired others (Lister/tyndall) to link his theory to disease
● Tyndall was inspired by lister/pasteur and theorised that dust particles carry germs that
spread disease
● Henry Bastien was a very well respected doctor and supported spontaneous
generation/didn’t support pasteur
● THERE WERE HUNDREDS OF MICROBES, GOOD/BAD ONES
● Created concept of animal vaccines
● HE WAS A FOOD SCIENTIST (Shreya) NOT A DOCTOR SO PEOPLE DIDN’T
BELIEVE HIM AT FIRST
KOCH:
● Identified microbes that caused disease
● Impacted many other scientists
● Scientists knew they should get rid of bacteria rather than treat symptoms
● British gov rejected these theories at first/people believed they were impractical until
specific microbes were discovered
● FATHER OF BACTERIOLOGY
● RECEIVED NOBEL PRIZE IN 1905
● DISCOVERED TUBERCULOSIS WAS A RESULT OF BACTERIA
● DISCOVERED CHOLERA AND ITS BACTERIA IN 1884
● Developed vaccines further than pasteur and isolated germs for specific diseases
● Discovered diphtheria bacteria
○ Developed a method to grow bacteria on a petri dish
, ○ Developed a method to stain bacteria with dyes and make them more visible
under microscopes
JENNER:
● Offered smallpox inoculation in his village
● Became aware that milkmaids who already caught cowpox didn’t get smallpox
● Jenner wondered if injecting patients with the less dangerous cowpox to prevent
smallpox would work
● Jenner used pus from a cowpox scab and put it into an open wound on phibs to
immunise him, he called this vaccination (IN LATIN, VACCA IS COW), very influential
● Smallpox cases dramatically fell
● Vaccination compulsory in 1852 and 1872
● Inspired Pasteur and Koch
● 12,000 people vaccinated in 2 years
● OPPOSITION TO THE VACCINE-
NIGHTINGALE:
● High standards of cleanliness and organisation, implemented this into her work at
hospitals
● 1854 Crimea war
● Clean bedding/good meals
● Demanded scrubbing brushes to clean area near patients (IN SCUTARI HOSPITAL)
● Mortality rate dropped from 40% to 2% in 6 months
● Changed training of nurses as well as hospital design/built with easy to clean materials,
sunlight, good ventilation etc
● Established nursing school at St Thomas’ hospital
● Wrote notes on nursing in 1859
LISTER:
● Used carbolic acid to clean wards, tools, etc
● Death rate fell by two thirds
● Took 12 years to be implemented by other doctors
● Dried out patients' skin/caused lesions
SIMPSON:
● People tried solving pain during surgery by hypnotism, alcohol etc
● Ether was first used as an anaesthetic but it was extremely flammable and corrosive
● In 1847 Simpson discovered chloroform to be used as an anaesthetic, very effective and
quick, however the dosage was hard to control and many died
● Used by the queen
SNOW:
● Studied autopsies of dead chloroform patients and experimented on animals, found that
it killed heart cells
HIPPOCRATES
● Theory of the four humours
● CREATED IN THE 5TH CENTURY
○ BLOOD (spring- hot and wet)
○ Choler/YELLOW BILE (summer- hot and dry)
○ BLACK BILE (Autumn- cold and dry)
○ PHLEGM (Winter- cold and wet)
GALEN
● Theory of opposites
● Dissected lizards and pigs
● Believed blood was made in the liver and the Jaw bone was split in two
● Articela book based off of his ideas
○ WHY WAS IT POPULAR?
■ Could explain almost any type of illness
■ Supported by the Church as his theory supported the idea of a soul which
aligned with Chrsitian beliefs
■
VESALIUS
● Used vivisections (dissection of criminals) to show Galen’s ideas were wrong
● Faced opposition for criticising Galen and had to leave his job
○ Challenged The belief that blood was made in the liver etc
● Published ‘On The Fabric Of The Human Body’ in 1543 with illustrations based off of
his dissections
● Inspired and encouraged other doctors to do dissections
● MADE ANATOMY FASHIONABLE
○ He contributed to improving all fields of medicine rather than just one
HARVEY
● Theory of circulation 1628
● Challenged Galen's belief that blood was produced in the liver and used as a fuel
● Showed that the heart was a pump
● Used valves to show blood could only flow one way
● His theories were the first step towards successful blood transfusions and transplants
which we still use today (1901 blood groups were discovered which made transfusions
possible)
● DISCOVERED CAPILLARIES
● Employed by Charles the 1st as a personal physician which gave him more
credibility
Harvey was ridiculed and his ideas weren’t accepted at first by the medical community
Medical textbooks still continued to give Galen’s account until 1665
SYDENHAM
● THE ENGLISH HIPPOCRATES
, ● Belief in treating patients symptoms and observing the outcomes rather than blindly
copying books HELPED TO PROMOTE THE SCIENTIFIC APPROACH
● Disease should be seen as a whole rather than specific symptoms
● Belief the nature of the patient had little to do with the disease
○ Popularised use of cinchona bark from Peru to treat Malaria
● Recorded his observations to see patterns in his patients illnesses, he used these
to classify diseases into different types depending on symptoms experienced
● In 1676 Sydenham published his book ‘medical observations’
PARE
● Stopped using hot oil to seal wounds
● Created his own remedy of egg whites, rose water and turpentine
● Specialised in battle medicine so his discovery wasn’t impactful to any ordinary person
PASTEUR: Germ theory
● Boiling water experiment, covered one flask but not another, covered one was still
sterile, proved germs were in air and disproved spontaneous generation
● Found theory in 1861 and presented in 1871
● 1878 PUBLISHED GERM THEORY OF INFECTION TO SHOW FINDINGS
● Inspired others (Lister/tyndall) to link his theory to disease
● Tyndall was inspired by lister/pasteur and theorised that dust particles carry germs that
spread disease
● Henry Bastien was a very well respected doctor and supported spontaneous
generation/didn’t support pasteur
● THERE WERE HUNDREDS OF MICROBES, GOOD/BAD ONES
● Created concept of animal vaccines
● HE WAS A FOOD SCIENTIST (Shreya) NOT A DOCTOR SO PEOPLE DIDN’T
BELIEVE HIM AT FIRST
KOCH:
● Identified microbes that caused disease
● Impacted many other scientists
● Scientists knew they should get rid of bacteria rather than treat symptoms
● British gov rejected these theories at first/people believed they were impractical until
specific microbes were discovered
● FATHER OF BACTERIOLOGY
● RECEIVED NOBEL PRIZE IN 1905
● DISCOVERED TUBERCULOSIS WAS A RESULT OF BACTERIA
● DISCOVERED CHOLERA AND ITS BACTERIA IN 1884
● Developed vaccines further than pasteur and isolated germs for specific diseases
● Discovered diphtheria bacteria
○ Developed a method to grow bacteria on a petri dish
, ○ Developed a method to stain bacteria with dyes and make them more visible
under microscopes
JENNER:
● Offered smallpox inoculation in his village
● Became aware that milkmaids who already caught cowpox didn’t get smallpox
● Jenner wondered if injecting patients with the less dangerous cowpox to prevent
smallpox would work
● Jenner used pus from a cowpox scab and put it into an open wound on phibs to
immunise him, he called this vaccination (IN LATIN, VACCA IS COW), very influential
● Smallpox cases dramatically fell
● Vaccination compulsory in 1852 and 1872
● Inspired Pasteur and Koch
● 12,000 people vaccinated in 2 years
● OPPOSITION TO THE VACCINE-
NIGHTINGALE:
● High standards of cleanliness and organisation, implemented this into her work at
hospitals
● 1854 Crimea war
● Clean bedding/good meals
● Demanded scrubbing brushes to clean area near patients (IN SCUTARI HOSPITAL)
● Mortality rate dropped from 40% to 2% in 6 months
● Changed training of nurses as well as hospital design/built with easy to clean materials,
sunlight, good ventilation etc
● Established nursing school at St Thomas’ hospital
● Wrote notes on nursing in 1859
LISTER:
● Used carbolic acid to clean wards, tools, etc
● Death rate fell by two thirds
● Took 12 years to be implemented by other doctors
● Dried out patients' skin/caused lesions
SIMPSON:
● People tried solving pain during surgery by hypnotism, alcohol etc
● Ether was first used as an anaesthetic but it was extremely flammable and corrosive
● In 1847 Simpson discovered chloroform to be used as an anaesthetic, very effective and
quick, however the dosage was hard to control and many died
● Used by the queen
SNOW:
● Studied autopsies of dead chloroform patients and experimented on animals, found that
it killed heart cells
