EOSC 114 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE 2025/2026 COMPLETE QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS || 100% GUARANTEED PASS <RECENT VERSION>

EOSC 114 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE 2025/2026 COMPLETE QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS || 100% GUARANTEED PASS &lt;RECENT VERSION&gt; 1. Why can't hurricanes form at or cross the equator? - ANSWER There is no Coriolis force at the equator 2. Hurricanes can only persist if: - ANSWER central pressure in the eye remains low and the hurricane remains over a warm ocean 3. Hurricanes die when: - ANSWER they move over land or cold water they can also die if large-scale weather systems interfere 4. The warm core of a hurricane creates ____ pressure at the top of the hurricane and _____ pressure at the base of the hurricane, which creates strong updrafts in the eye wall. - ANSWER high P at top, low P at bottom 5. What causes the most hurricane-related deaths? - ANSWER Storm surge and flooding 6. What is the principle of superposition? - ANSWER In rock, the layers on top are the youngest and layers on the bottom are older 7. What is the principle of original horizontality? - ANSWER If a rock layer is tilted or folded, it was originally flat 8. What is the principle of lateral continuity? - ANSWER If a rock layer is "here" it is probably "there" 9. What is the principle of cross-cutting relationships? - ANSWER If it cuts through other rock layers, it is probably younger 10. What is the principle of faunal succession? - ANSWER Fossils succeed each other vertically in a specific, reliable order that can be identified over wide, horizontal distances 11. What are the best species for biostratigraphy? - ANSWER -short fossil range -common species -lived in environments where fossilization is likely to occur -present in many different environments 12. What are the five major extinction events of earth? - ANSWER 1. end of Cretaceous 2. Late Triassic 3. Permo/Triassic (the big one) 4. Late Devonian 5. Late Ordovician 13. The Precambrian is __% of Earth's history - ANSWER 87 14. Why are there so many new species/forms of life that diversify after an extinction event? - ANSWER Mass extinction makes new resources available, creates new challenges, opens new environmental niches 15. What defines a mass extinction event? - ANSWER -At least 30% of all species lost -broad range of ecosystems -short/sudden duration (1 million year maximum) 16. What are some biological causes of extinctions? - ANSWER -competition -predation -pathogens -biogeology 17. Biological factors generally cause extinctions, but not mass extinctions What are physical causes of extinctions? - ANSWER -changes in continental configuration (greater landmass = lower biodiversity) -atmospheric (volcanism) -climate change -ocean cycles - sea level 18. What is another possible cause of mass extinction? - ANSWER Extraterrestrial-based 19. When was the Permo/Triassic extinction? - ANSWER 251 million years ago 20. What are causes of the Permo/Triassic (P/T) extinction? - ANSWER 1. Continental configuration 2. sea level fall 3. ocean stagnation 4. possible impacts from extraterrestrial bodies and other events 5. climate change 21. Which greenhouse gas is worse (assuming equal quantities of both): CH4 or CO2? - ANSWER CH4 22. When did dinosaurs evolve? - ANSWER Triassic 23. When was the Cretaceous-Paleogene (K/Pg) extinction? - ANSWER 65 mya 24. What are some of the effects of the K/Pg extinction? - ANSWER -at least 50% of all species lost -on land, nothing over 25 kg survives (including dinosaurs) - 80-90% of marine species lost 25. What is the Alvarez Hypothesis? - ANSWER the idea that a large asteroid body collided with earth, and upon impact released a large amount of dust that was enough to cause a climate change; no crater was found as proof, but the iridium layer causes scientists to think this is true because asteroids contain large amounts of iridium 26. What is the Chicxulub Crater? - ANSWER - Evidence of a asteroid or comet impact on Earth in Caribbean Sea near Yucatan Peninsula - 180 km in diameter - largest impact structure on Earth 27. What are qualities of complex craters? - ANSWER -concentric ringed structure -central peak or peak ring 28. What were short term effects of the Chicxulub impact? - ANSWER Sunlight blocked out -nuclear winter for weeks to months -no photosynthesis; biological production stops in land and ocean -greenhouse effect enhanced because of water vapor in atmosphere -average global temperature increased by 10 degrees 29. What were longer term effects of the Chicxulub impact - ANSWER Rapid shift in environmental conditions -increase in global volcanic activity - high energy blast affects Earth's atmosphere -oceans and soils acidified - evaporates formed 30. What kind of dinosaurs survived the K/Pg extinction? - ANSWER Avian dinosaurs (birds) 31. What are asteroids? - ANSWER Very large (&gt; 10 m, but smaller than a planet) rocks in space 32. What are meteroids? - ANSWER Smaller (&lt; 10 m) rocks -called "meteors" as they enter the Earth's atmosphere -called "meteorite" if it survives entry to Earth's atmosphere 33. Mountains are formed by the convergence of two _______ plates - ANSWER continental 34. Where do comets come from? - ANSWER Oort Cloud and Kuiper Belt 35. What is the rate of meteoroid influx every 24 hours? - ANSWER 100,000 million 36. How many 'large' impact craters have been discovered? - ANSWER about 170 37. What is Gene Shoemaker's hypothesis? - ANSWER -sudden geologic changes arise from asteroid strikes - asteroid strikes are common over geologic time period - impact craters form large circular structures associated with ejecta , shocked quartz, iridium 38. What is the Torino Scale? - ANSWER a system used to rate the hazard level of an object moving toward Earth on a scale of 0-10 39. Why are impact hazards unique? - ANSWER -potentially the most devastating for humans -ONLY natural disaster that can be entirely avoided 40. What are proposed mitigation strategies for impacts? - ANSWER fragmentation -sudden orbit adjustment -steady state orbit adjustment -ablation systems -riding the solar winds 41. The odds to Earth getting hit by a devastating impact is similar to the odds of what? - ANSWER getting in an airplane crash 42. More intense disasters occur ____ frequently - ANSWER less 43. What is a return period? - ANSWER Average number of years between disaster events of the same magnitude 44. Types of volcano - ANSWER 1)Hawaiian - Basaltic magma, low visc, non explos 2) Strombolian - Basaltic, bombs lava, mildly explosive 3) Vulcanian - continuous, very explosive. 4) Pelean - dome collapse, block and ash flows, violenty explosive. 5) Plinian - rhyoltic ash, pyrclocastic flows, violently explosive. 6) Phreatomagmatic - magma water, violently explosive, type of eruption in contact with water. 45. Distribution of world's volcanoes. - ANSWER 2/3 of all active volcanoes are land are located along the Ring of Fire, surrounded by pacific ocean. Volcanoes like above the subduction zones bordering plates. 46. Types of plate boundaries - ANSWER 1. Subduction zones (convergent), dehydration, water lowers melting temp of overlying mantle rocks and causes them to melt, forming magma. 2. Stratovolcanoes occur at subduction zones and thus are most common type found around the pacific rim. Continental crust has a higher silica content than basaltic magma, thus, andesite has silica content between those of basalt and rhyolite. 3. Mid-ocean ridges (divergent) occurs in the oceans along mid-ocean spreading ridges. When spreading ridges occur on land such as Iceland, shield volcanos are formed. 47. Type of volcanos that occur at hot spots - ANSWER Bcome progressivley older in the direction of the plate movement. 48. Caldera forming occur in this tecotonic setting , extremely explosive and violent. They are associated with rhyolitic magmas. 49. Volcanic domes - ANSWER Volcanic domes are steep sided mounds of lava that form around vents from the eruption of highly viscous, Si rich magmas (Felsic). 50. jUAN DE FUCA PLATE -&gt; NORTH AMAEICAN PLATE - ANSWER Subducts 51. Cascade Arc - ANSWER includes 30 major volcanoes, including numerous stratovolcanoes, sheild volcanoes, lava domes, and cinder cones, along with a few isolated 52. Volcanoes types - ANSWER Cinder Cone -&gt; Sheild Volcanoes -&gt; Composite/Stratovolcanoes -&gt; Volcanic dome. 53. tephra - ANSWER fragmented debris can be erupted from shield volcanos 54. VEI - ANSWER Volcanic Explosivity Index = log scale that describes the size of an explosive volcanci eruption characteristics: volume of ash produced, height of eruption cloud above the event, duration of eruption, in the scale of 0-8 of VEI, represents a factor of 10. 55. Volcanic ash - ANSWER building collapse under weight, breathing ashe. 56. Pyroclastic flows, lahars, volcanic domes, lava domes, sector collapse, lateral blasts, Toxic gas - ANSWER Volcanic hazard map, produced by compiling existing data, 57. MT baker significant lahar hazard - Strato volcano - ANSWER 58. Landslides - ANSWER 1) population density 2) economic infrastructure 3) population preparedness 59. BC gets hit harder cause amount of rain and high slopes 60. How to identify: - ANSWER 1. Cresent-shaped cracks or terraces on a hillside. 2. A scalloped or recessed crest of a valley wall 3. tounge shaped area of bare soil or rock on a hillside 61. Distinguish between the 3 main failure modes (falls, flows, and slides( - ANSWER Falls - steep slopes (rock falls), material detach due to weakness falls due to gravity and is therefore very fast. Flows - slow to fast, consist of soil, mud and wet debris, water is very important, fluid/plastic flow of material Slides - slow to fast, consists of soil, rock and debris, move as a coherent mass along the surface of failure. 4. combination 62. a shield volcano such as Kilauea will most likely erupt - ANSWER lava flows and scoria 63. inflation and deflation of active volcanoes is measured by all of the following EXCEPT - ANSWER seismogram 64. magma rises in the crust PRIMARILY sue to differences in the - ANSWER density 65. the difference between magma and lava is that magma - ANSWER has not erupted 66. pyroclastic flows originate in all of the following ways EXCEPT - ANSWER fall of ballistic debris 67. what would be the dominant volcanic hazard associated with a cinder cone - ANSWER pyroclastic material 68. an eruption with high viscosity, low volatile content, and moderate volume will produce - ANSWER rhyolite flow or dome 69. how does a cinder cone form - ANSWER relatively short-lived eruptions of pyroclastic material build up a small volcano 70. hazards associated with air-fall tephra include all of the following EXCEPT - ANSWER drowning 71. if you had money to fund the installation of only ONE instrumental monitoring technique on an active volcano, what would it be - ANSWER seismic 72. most magma is generated by melting of pre-existing rock through - ANSWER decompression melting 73. compared to felsic lavas, mafic lavas are ___ and generally move ___ - ANSWER hotter, faster 74. igneous extrusive rocks have a ____ texture and are also called ___ rocks - ANSWER fine-grained interlocking; volcanic 75. compared to mafic magma, intermediate magma is - ANSWER less dense, cooler, more viscous and more gas0rich 76. grain size in ingenous rocks is a function of ___ over time - ANSWER cooling 77. which of the following volcanoes is NOT associated with subduction - ANSWER Kilauea 78. most volcanic ash is formed by - ANSWER the rapid growth and destruction of gas bubbles within the magma 79. why does an increase in volcanic seismicity suggest a possible eruption? seismicity indicated that - ANSWER magma is moving below the volcano 80. mount rainier, mount baker, and mount garibald are most likely to erupt - ANSWER andesite 81. the size of a typical composite cone is - ANSWER 10km across, 2km high 82. copared to all other volcanos in the cascade arc, Mt. Rainer is considered to be most dangerous volcano because - ANSWER it has the largest volume of ice and snow 83. which statement about the Pacific Ring of Fire is true - ANSWER continental and oceanic volcanic arcs are common throughout this area 84. a shield volcano is about to erupt. Which hazard is the LEAST likely to occur - ANSWER pyroclastic flow 85. which of the following describe hot spot volcanism in Hawaii - ANSWER dark-colored, high-temperature balsalt, non-exposive volcanism 86. which of the following statements if false - ANSWER basalt and andesite form from intermediate magma 87. Thunderstorm Cells. What are the stages? - ANSWER Stage 1: Cumulus phase, only updraft Stage 2: Mature stage, has both up and downdrafts and precipitation, anvil begins to form Stage 3: Dissapating Stage, only downdrafts, weak precipitation and anvil has diffuse outline Stage 4: Storm propagation 88. Organization of Thunderstorms - ANSWER Orographic - Stationary, can cause flash floods Multicell - Most common, cells are in different stages. Flanking line contain the new cells which are in cumulus stage Squall - Storms that form in lines where the heaviest storms merge on one line Air mass - Scattered locations due to strong heating of the ground. Supercell - Severe, long last, can cause tornadoes or hail. usually only one cell. -Low precip, high precip, classic 89. Mesocyclone - ANSWER A rotating supercell thunderstorm. Gives rise to the strongest tornadoes 90. How do we monitor thunderstorms - ANSWER Radar and satellites 91. Latent Heat in terms of Heating - ANSWER When water vapour condenses, latent turns to sensible making it warmer. 92. How does the sun influence humidity? - ANSWER Sun heats the Earth, warms the air and increases the humidity