BIOS252 EXAM 2 STUDY SET
A disease that damages the cells of the anterior grey horn will
a-inhibit autonomic regulation
b-cause paralysis or weakness in skeletal muscles
c-interrupt temperature recongnition
d-interrupt proprioception - ANSb- cause paralysis or weakness in skeletal muscles
Mary discovers that she is unable to move her right arm after a stroke. This would suggest
that the stroke damage is in the area of the ________ lobe. - ANSleft frontal
An image of the cross-section of a spinal cord would show anterior (or ventral) horns. What
is there? - ANSThe motor neuron cell bodies an unlearned and involuntary but predictable
motor response to a stimulus that is rapid and does not involve any processing by the brain
is what relflex? - ANSspinal reflex
ANS - ANSautonomic nervous system
Autonomic Dysreflexia (ANS) is characterized by the uncontrolled activation of autonomic
neurons, which appears to be speaking but is not. They think that they are talking to you,
they are not though because they can not control it. Say things that do not make sense.
autonomic reflexes - ANSsmooth muscle regulation, heart and blood pressure regulation,
regulation of glands, digestive system regulation
Somatic versus autonomic - ANSSomatic (voluntary) and autonomic Sympathetics - Lateral
Grey horns of the thoracic lumbar spine, sympathetic trunk, and preverterebral ganglia; short
pre-ganglionic nerve; long post-ganglionic nerve; pre-ganglionic nerve is Ach;
post-ganglionic nerve is EPI and NE; raise heart rate and respiratory rate; pupil dilate;
vasoconstrict blood vessels to digestive organs and vasodilate blood vessels to the limbs;
SOMATIC- slows you down, cranial nerves and sacral nerves, terminal ganglia that lie near
or ont he effector organ, long pre-ganlionic nerve, short post ganglionic nerve, pre-ganglionic
NT is Ach; Post ganglionic Ach, slows down heart rate and respiratory rate, pupil constrict,
vasodilate blood vessels to digestive organs and vasoconstrict to extremities
brachial plexus - ANSC5-T1, nerves to upper limb, neck, and shoulder muscles
can any disruption in oxygen or glucose damage the brain? - ANSyes
Cerebellum - ANSA large structure of the hindbrain that controls fine motor skills.
-Posterior to pons
- divides cerebrum and brainstem
-Connects brainstem via cerebellar peduncles
-functions to smooth and coordinate the intended motion that is happening detected by the
proprioceptors
-functions in balance and coordination
-regulates tone and posture
Cerebrum - ANSLargest part of the brain; responsible for voluntary muscular activity, vision,
speech, taste, hearing, thought, and memory.
Cholinergic vs. Adrenergic - ANSCholinergic- stimulates the parasympathetic nervous
system
Adrenergic - raises blood pressure, reduces intraocular pressure, and bronchodilators CN 1
(1) - ANSOlfactory
, CN II (2) - ANSOptic
CN III (3) - ANSOculomotor
CN IV (4) - ANSTrochlear
CN IX (9) - ANSglossopharyngeal nerve
CN V (5) - ANStrigeminal nerve
CN VI (6) - ANSabducens nerve
CN VII (7) - ANSfacial nerve
ANSvestibulocochlear nerve, CN VIII (8) CN X (10) - ANSvagus nerve
CN XI (11) - ANSaccessory nerve
CN XII (12) - ANShypoglossal nerve
contralateral - ANSopposite side
corticospinal tract - ANSconnections between brain and spine
ANScerebrospinal fluid (CSF) CVOs - ANScircumventricular organs - monitor chemical
changes because they lack a BBB
decussation - ANSMost pathways cross from one side of CNS to other at some point
Diencephalon - ANSthalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, CVOs
direct pathway - ANSpyramidal tracts
Do spinal nerves contain both sensory and motor neurons? - ANSyes
Epithalamus - ANScontains the pineal gland where melatonin secretes
falx cerebri - ANSseparates the two cerebral hemispheres of the brain
Felx cerebelli - ANSseparates the two hemispheres of the cerebellum
first order neuron - ANSdetects a stimulus and transmits a signal to the spinal cord or
brainstem
frontal lobe - ANSResponsible for consciousness and communication, memory, attention,
planning, personality, judgement, voluntary movement (motor cortex)
frontal lobe functions - ANS"Executive functions" Planning, inhibition, concentration,
orientation, language, abstraction, judgment, motor regulation, mood. Lack of social
judgment is most notable in frontal lobe lesion. ("D amage = D isinhibition" - e.g., Phineas
Gage)
How does CSF flow? - ANSArteries -> choroid plexus -> ventricles (higher pressure) ->
follows apertures to subarachnoid spaces -> arachnoid granules (to venous return, lowest
pressure)
How is CSF produced? - ANSplasma is drawn from the choroid plexuses through
ependymal cells into the ventricles to produce CSF
How is the brainstem divided? - ANSMidbrain, Pons, Medulla
how many cervical nerves are there? - ANS8 pairs
how many pairs of coccygeal nerves are there? - ANS1 pair
how many pairs of cranial nerves are there? - ANS12
how many pairs of lumbar nerves are there? - ANS5 pairs
how many pairs of sacral nerves are there? - ANS5 pairs
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there? - ANS31 pairs
how many thoracic nerves are there? - ANS12 pairs
Hypothalamus - ANSmaintains homeostasis
indirect pathway - ANSall other tracts, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands
Ipsilateral - ANSsame side
Joe begins to experience mood swings and disturbed thirst and hunger. Imaging studies
indicate that a brain tumor is the likely cause of these disorders. In what part of the brain is
the tumor most likely located? - ANShypothalamus
A disease that damages the cells of the anterior grey horn will
a-inhibit autonomic regulation
b-cause paralysis or weakness in skeletal muscles
c-interrupt temperature recongnition
d-interrupt proprioception - ANSb- cause paralysis or weakness in skeletal muscles
Mary discovers that she is unable to move her right arm after a stroke. This would suggest
that the stroke damage is in the area of the ________ lobe. - ANSleft frontal
An image of the cross-section of a spinal cord would show anterior (or ventral) horns. What
is there? - ANSThe motor neuron cell bodies an unlearned and involuntary but predictable
motor response to a stimulus that is rapid and does not involve any processing by the brain
is what relflex? - ANSspinal reflex
ANS - ANSautonomic nervous system
Autonomic Dysreflexia (ANS) is characterized by the uncontrolled activation of autonomic
neurons, which appears to be speaking but is not. They think that they are talking to you,
they are not though because they can not control it. Say things that do not make sense.
autonomic reflexes - ANSsmooth muscle regulation, heart and blood pressure regulation,
regulation of glands, digestive system regulation
Somatic versus autonomic - ANSSomatic (voluntary) and autonomic Sympathetics - Lateral
Grey horns of the thoracic lumbar spine, sympathetic trunk, and preverterebral ganglia; short
pre-ganglionic nerve; long post-ganglionic nerve; pre-ganglionic nerve is Ach;
post-ganglionic nerve is EPI and NE; raise heart rate and respiratory rate; pupil dilate;
vasoconstrict blood vessels to digestive organs and vasodilate blood vessels to the limbs;
SOMATIC- slows you down, cranial nerves and sacral nerves, terminal ganglia that lie near
or ont he effector organ, long pre-ganlionic nerve, short post ganglionic nerve, pre-ganglionic
NT is Ach; Post ganglionic Ach, slows down heart rate and respiratory rate, pupil constrict,
vasodilate blood vessels to digestive organs and vasoconstrict to extremities
brachial plexus - ANSC5-T1, nerves to upper limb, neck, and shoulder muscles
can any disruption in oxygen or glucose damage the brain? - ANSyes
Cerebellum - ANSA large structure of the hindbrain that controls fine motor skills.
-Posterior to pons
- divides cerebrum and brainstem
-Connects brainstem via cerebellar peduncles
-functions to smooth and coordinate the intended motion that is happening detected by the
proprioceptors
-functions in balance and coordination
-regulates tone and posture
Cerebrum - ANSLargest part of the brain; responsible for voluntary muscular activity, vision,
speech, taste, hearing, thought, and memory.
Cholinergic vs. Adrenergic - ANSCholinergic- stimulates the parasympathetic nervous
system
Adrenergic - raises blood pressure, reduces intraocular pressure, and bronchodilators CN 1
(1) - ANSOlfactory
, CN II (2) - ANSOptic
CN III (3) - ANSOculomotor
CN IV (4) - ANSTrochlear
CN IX (9) - ANSglossopharyngeal nerve
CN V (5) - ANStrigeminal nerve
CN VI (6) - ANSabducens nerve
CN VII (7) - ANSfacial nerve
ANSvestibulocochlear nerve, CN VIII (8) CN X (10) - ANSvagus nerve
CN XI (11) - ANSaccessory nerve
CN XII (12) - ANShypoglossal nerve
contralateral - ANSopposite side
corticospinal tract - ANSconnections between brain and spine
ANScerebrospinal fluid (CSF) CVOs - ANScircumventricular organs - monitor chemical
changes because they lack a BBB
decussation - ANSMost pathways cross from one side of CNS to other at some point
Diencephalon - ANSthalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, CVOs
direct pathway - ANSpyramidal tracts
Do spinal nerves contain both sensory and motor neurons? - ANSyes
Epithalamus - ANScontains the pineal gland where melatonin secretes
falx cerebri - ANSseparates the two cerebral hemispheres of the brain
Felx cerebelli - ANSseparates the two hemispheres of the cerebellum
first order neuron - ANSdetects a stimulus and transmits a signal to the spinal cord or
brainstem
frontal lobe - ANSResponsible for consciousness and communication, memory, attention,
planning, personality, judgement, voluntary movement (motor cortex)
frontal lobe functions - ANS"Executive functions" Planning, inhibition, concentration,
orientation, language, abstraction, judgment, motor regulation, mood. Lack of social
judgment is most notable in frontal lobe lesion. ("D amage = D isinhibition" - e.g., Phineas
Gage)
How does CSF flow? - ANSArteries -> choroid plexus -> ventricles (higher pressure) ->
follows apertures to subarachnoid spaces -> arachnoid granules (to venous return, lowest
pressure)
How is CSF produced? - ANSplasma is drawn from the choroid plexuses through
ependymal cells into the ventricles to produce CSF
How is the brainstem divided? - ANSMidbrain, Pons, Medulla
how many cervical nerves are there? - ANS8 pairs
how many pairs of coccygeal nerves are there? - ANS1 pair
how many pairs of cranial nerves are there? - ANS12
how many pairs of lumbar nerves are there? - ANS5 pairs
how many pairs of sacral nerves are there? - ANS5 pairs
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there? - ANS31 pairs
how many thoracic nerves are there? - ANS12 pairs
Hypothalamus - ANSmaintains homeostasis
indirect pathway - ANSall other tracts, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands
Ipsilateral - ANSsame side
Joe begins to experience mood swings and disturbed thirst and hunger. Imaging studies
indicate that a brain tumor is the likely cause of these disorders. In what part of the brain is
the tumor most likely located? - ANShypothalamus
