Bios 252 exam 3
Sensory versus perception
For perception to happen, the sensory signals must reach the cerebrum
Adaptation
The ability to no longer perceive sensations due to prolonged exposure
free nerve endings
discomfort, fluctuating temperature, tickle, and itch encapsulated nerve endings
Touch, pressure, and vibration
Exteroreceptors
sensations from outside the body
Interoceptors
sensations from inside the body
Proprioreceptors
where your body is in time and space Mechanoreceptors
Stretch (touch, pressure, vibrations, stretch, and proprioception)
Osmoreceptors
osmolarity
Thermoreceptors
Temperature
chemoreceptors
Chemicals
Photoreceptors
Light
Nocioceptors
Pain; fast (acute - sharp, stabbing) and slow (chronic - dull achy), pain receptors
Referred pain sites
Receptors for touch combined are touch, pressure, vibration, itch and tickle
Free nerve endings
tactile (itch, tickle), and non-tactile (temperature change, pain)
Root hair plexuses
sense movement on skin by movement of hair
corpuscles for touch
Meissner's corpuscle- light touch, low frequency, vibration
type I cutaneous mechanoreceptors
Merkel cells - pressure
type II cutaneous mechanoreceptors
Ruffin is corpuscle- light and deep pressure (baroreceptors)
Lamellated corpuscles
Pacinian corpuscle- vibration
Complex tactile sensation's
combination of the previous nerve endings - gives surface textures
Visible light
Based on wave length
, Layers of the eye
Fibrous tunic=sclera and cornea. Vascular tunic=choroid, ciliary body, and iris. Retina.
Anterior chamber(cavity)=aqueous humor. Vitreous chamber=Vitreous body.
Sclera
whites of the eyes; made of dense, irregular connective tissue; where extrinsic eye muscles
attach
cornea
less strong, but more transparent than the sclera, allowing light to pass through
Choroid
begins with the center of the optic nerve, and extends to the choroid; mostly made of
connective tissue and blood vessels
Ciliary organs contains three structures: ciliary muscles, ciliary process, and zonular fibers
Ciliary muscles
responsible for altering the lens's shape The iliac process Secretes, aqueous humor
Zonular fibers
Connect the lens to the ciliary body
Iris
The structure of the eye that contains the color of the eye
Retina
contains photoreceptor layers (rods and cones), bipolar cell layer, ganglion cell layer,
horizontal cell layer, and amacrine cells
Refraction
The bending of light, when it passes through a clear substance
Light passing through the eye
Light will pass through the cornea, it is then, reflected by the aqueous humor. next it passes
through the pupil that focuses the light onto the lens. The lens will then
accommodate(contract and thicken or relax and flatten), which will bend the light further as it
enters the vitreous chamber and focuses on the retina (on the fovea centralis - the area of
sharpest visual acuity)
How the brain gets the image
Photoreceptor cells will then send the signal to the retina; through the optic disc (place,
where the optic nerve exits the eye); to the optic nerve; the optic chiasm; optic tracts;
thalamus; optic radiations; and lastly to the occipital lobe
Olfaction
Olfactory chemoreceptor cells, send a signal to the olfactory nerve, olfactory bulb, olfactory
tracts, limbic system, and temporal and frontal lobes
Gustatory cell receptors Sends the signal to the fascial nerve (CNVII) - anterior 2/3 of the
tongue; glossopharyngeal nerve (CNIX) - posterior 1/3 of the tongue and pharynx; vagus
nerve (CNX) - epiglottis
transmission of signals for gustation
signals then pass to the medulla oblongata, thalamus, and the parietal lobe
Papilla
The bumps on the tongue
Vallate papillae
12 of them each containing 100 to 300 taste buds
fungiform papillae
Scattered all over the tongue and contain about five taste buds each
Foliate papillae
Sensory versus perception
For perception to happen, the sensory signals must reach the cerebrum
Adaptation
The ability to no longer perceive sensations due to prolonged exposure
free nerve endings
discomfort, fluctuating temperature, tickle, and itch encapsulated nerve endings
Touch, pressure, and vibration
Exteroreceptors
sensations from outside the body
Interoceptors
sensations from inside the body
Proprioreceptors
where your body is in time and space Mechanoreceptors
Stretch (touch, pressure, vibrations, stretch, and proprioception)
Osmoreceptors
osmolarity
Thermoreceptors
Temperature
chemoreceptors
Chemicals
Photoreceptors
Light
Nocioceptors
Pain; fast (acute - sharp, stabbing) and slow (chronic - dull achy), pain receptors
Referred pain sites
Receptors for touch combined are touch, pressure, vibration, itch and tickle
Free nerve endings
tactile (itch, tickle), and non-tactile (temperature change, pain)
Root hair plexuses
sense movement on skin by movement of hair
corpuscles for touch
Meissner's corpuscle- light touch, low frequency, vibration
type I cutaneous mechanoreceptors
Merkel cells - pressure
type II cutaneous mechanoreceptors
Ruffin is corpuscle- light and deep pressure (baroreceptors)
Lamellated corpuscles
Pacinian corpuscle- vibration
Complex tactile sensation's
combination of the previous nerve endings - gives surface textures
Visible light
Based on wave length
, Layers of the eye
Fibrous tunic=sclera and cornea. Vascular tunic=choroid, ciliary body, and iris. Retina.
Anterior chamber(cavity)=aqueous humor. Vitreous chamber=Vitreous body.
Sclera
whites of the eyes; made of dense, irregular connective tissue; where extrinsic eye muscles
attach
cornea
less strong, but more transparent than the sclera, allowing light to pass through
Choroid
begins with the center of the optic nerve, and extends to the choroid; mostly made of
connective tissue and blood vessels
Ciliary organs contains three structures: ciliary muscles, ciliary process, and zonular fibers
Ciliary muscles
responsible for altering the lens's shape The iliac process Secretes, aqueous humor
Zonular fibers
Connect the lens to the ciliary body
Iris
The structure of the eye that contains the color of the eye
Retina
contains photoreceptor layers (rods and cones), bipolar cell layer, ganglion cell layer,
horizontal cell layer, and amacrine cells
Refraction
The bending of light, when it passes through a clear substance
Light passing through the eye
Light will pass through the cornea, it is then, reflected by the aqueous humor. next it passes
through the pupil that focuses the light onto the lens. The lens will then
accommodate(contract and thicken or relax and flatten), which will bend the light further as it
enters the vitreous chamber and focuses on the retina (on the fovea centralis - the area of
sharpest visual acuity)
How the brain gets the image
Photoreceptor cells will then send the signal to the retina; through the optic disc (place,
where the optic nerve exits the eye); to the optic nerve; the optic chiasm; optic tracts;
thalamus; optic radiations; and lastly to the occipital lobe
Olfaction
Olfactory chemoreceptor cells, send a signal to the olfactory nerve, olfactory bulb, olfactory
tracts, limbic system, and temporal and frontal lobes
Gustatory cell receptors Sends the signal to the fascial nerve (CNVII) - anterior 2/3 of the
tongue; glossopharyngeal nerve (CNIX) - posterior 1/3 of the tongue and pharynx; vagus
nerve (CNX) - epiglottis
transmission of signals for gustation
signals then pass to the medulla oblongata, thalamus, and the parietal lobe
Papilla
The bumps on the tongue
Vallate papillae
12 of them each containing 100 to 300 taste buds
fungiform papillae
Scattered all over the tongue and contain about five taste buds each
Foliate papillae
