Chamberlain BIOS 252 Exam 1
2 neuroglia in PNS - ANSsatellite cells and schwann cells
4 neuroglia of CNS - ANSastrocytes, microglial, ependymal, oligodendrocytes
A band - ANSdark area; extends length of the thick filaments
abdominal muscles - ANSrectus abdominis, external oblique, internal oblique, transversus
abdominis
Acetylcholine (ACh) - ANSA neurotransmitter that enables learning and memory and also
triggers muscle contraction
action potential - ANSa neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon
long distance signals of axons
aerobic respiration - ANSRespiration that requires oxygen, occurs in mitochondria
An anaerobic glycolysis (ANS) is the rapid breakdown of carbohydrates, such as glycogen
or glucose, in the absence of oxygen. arachnoid mater - ANSweblike middle layer of the
three meninges
astrocytes, also known as ANS, provide neurons with structural and metabolic support.
axo-axonic synapse - ANSa synapse at which a presynaptic axon terminal synapses onto
the axon terminal of another neuron
axo-dendritic synapse - ANSa synapse at which a presynaptic axon terminal synapses onto
a dendrite of the postsynaptic neuron, either via a dendritic spine or directly onto the dendrite
itself
axo-somatic synapse - ANSA synapse at which a presynaptic axon terminal synapses onto
the cell body (soma) of the postsynaptic neuron.
axon hillock function - ANSAllows impulses to move away from the cell
beta oxidation - ANSfatty acids get broken down into energy
biceps brachii - ANSflexes forearm
biceps femoris - ANSextends thigh and flexes leg
bipennate - ANSFibers on both sides of tendon
circular muscle - ANSmuscle that forms a ring around a body opening
CNS (central nervous system) - ANSbrain and spinal cord
concentric contraction - ANSmuscle shortens
Conduction in different axon types - ANSwith myelin the nerve conduction is faster.For
example, whereas unmyelinated axon conduction velocities range from about 0.5 to 10 m/s,
myelinated axons can conduct at velocities up to 150 m/s.
Conductivity - ANSThe ability of an object to transfer heat or electricity to another object.
Contractibility - ANSability to shorten/contract
contractile proteins in muscle - ANSactin and myosin
convergent series - ANSmultiple inputs goes into 1 output
creatine kinase - ANSmuscle enzyme found in skeletal and cardiac muscle; elevated blood
levels associated with heart attack, muscular dystrophy, and other skeletal muscle
pathologies
creatine phosphate - ANSacts as an energy reserve in muscle tissue
Cross-crawl contraction - ANSopposite muscle contractions
CSF functions - ANSbuoyancy, protection, chemical stability
, deltoid - ANS abduction of the shoulder Dendrites are information-receiving parts of a
neuron that resemble branches. Depolarization - ANSThe process during the action potential
when sodium is rushing into the cell causing the interior to become more positive.
describe the power process of muscle contraction - ANSATP binds to myosin
Diaphragm - ANSLarge, flat muscle at the bottom of the chest cavity that helps with
breathing
divergent series - ANS1 input goes into multiple outputs
dopamine functions - ANSmotor control, reward, addiction
dura mater - ANSthick, outermost layer of the meninges surrounding and protecting the
brain and spinal cord
eccentric contraction - ANSmuscle lengthens
The capacity of muscle fibers to recoil and resume their resting length after being stretched
is known as the elasticity of the muscle (ANS). electrically gated channels - ANSopen in
response to electrical charge
Endomysium - ANSConnective tissue surrounding a muscle fiber
The digestive tract's nervous system is known as the enteric nervous system (ANS).
Ependymal cells (CNS) - ANSproduce cerebrospinal fluid
Epimysium - ANSsurrounds entire muscle
Epinephrine - ANSadrenaline; raises glucose levels
EPSP (excitatory postsynaptic potential) - ANSdepolarizing graded potential in postsynaptic
neuron in response to activation of excitatory synapse
Ability to respond to stimuli: excitation Extensibility - ANSability to be stretched
external intercostals - ANSelevates ribs during inspiration
First class lever system - ANSfulcrum between load and effort
fusiform - ANSspindle shaped
plantar flexion, gastrocnemius - ANSCalf muscle gluteus maximus - ANSextends thigh
gluteus medius - ANSabducts and medially rotates thigh
gluteus minimus - ANSabducts and medially rotates thigh
graded potential - ANSelectrical signals allowing communication over short distances
Hyperpolarization - ANSThe movement of the membrane potential of a cell away from rest
potential in a more negative direction.
I band - ANSlight band, actin only
identify the muscle proteins - ANSmyosin, actin, tropomyosin, troponin, titin
iliopsas muscle - ANSflexes thigh or trunk
inferior oblique - ANSelevates eye and turns it laterally
inferior rectus - ANS turns the eye medially and depresses it. insertion of skeletal muscle -
ANSattachment to mobile end of muscle
internal intercostals - ANSdepresses ribs during forced expiration
Interneurons - ANSCentral nervous system neurons that internally communicate and
intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs
IPSP (inhibitory postsynaptic potential) - ANSsynaptic potential that makes a postsynaptic
neuron less likely to generate an action potential
isometric contraction - ANSMuscle contracts but there is no movement, muscle stays the
same length
isotonic contraction - ANSA muscle contraction that pulls on the bones and produces
movement of body parts.
Krebs cycle - ANSsecond stage of cellular respiration
lateral rectus - ANSmoves eye laterally
2 neuroglia in PNS - ANSsatellite cells and schwann cells
4 neuroglia of CNS - ANSastrocytes, microglial, ependymal, oligodendrocytes
A band - ANSdark area; extends length of the thick filaments
abdominal muscles - ANSrectus abdominis, external oblique, internal oblique, transversus
abdominis
Acetylcholine (ACh) - ANSA neurotransmitter that enables learning and memory and also
triggers muscle contraction
action potential - ANSa neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon
long distance signals of axons
aerobic respiration - ANSRespiration that requires oxygen, occurs in mitochondria
An anaerobic glycolysis (ANS) is the rapid breakdown of carbohydrates, such as glycogen
or glucose, in the absence of oxygen. arachnoid mater - ANSweblike middle layer of the
three meninges
astrocytes, also known as ANS, provide neurons with structural and metabolic support.
axo-axonic synapse - ANSa synapse at which a presynaptic axon terminal synapses onto
the axon terminal of another neuron
axo-dendritic synapse - ANSa synapse at which a presynaptic axon terminal synapses onto
a dendrite of the postsynaptic neuron, either via a dendritic spine or directly onto the dendrite
itself
axo-somatic synapse - ANSA synapse at which a presynaptic axon terminal synapses onto
the cell body (soma) of the postsynaptic neuron.
axon hillock function - ANSAllows impulses to move away from the cell
beta oxidation - ANSfatty acids get broken down into energy
biceps brachii - ANSflexes forearm
biceps femoris - ANSextends thigh and flexes leg
bipennate - ANSFibers on both sides of tendon
circular muscle - ANSmuscle that forms a ring around a body opening
CNS (central nervous system) - ANSbrain and spinal cord
concentric contraction - ANSmuscle shortens
Conduction in different axon types - ANSwith myelin the nerve conduction is faster.For
example, whereas unmyelinated axon conduction velocities range from about 0.5 to 10 m/s,
myelinated axons can conduct at velocities up to 150 m/s.
Conductivity - ANSThe ability of an object to transfer heat or electricity to another object.
Contractibility - ANSability to shorten/contract
contractile proteins in muscle - ANSactin and myosin
convergent series - ANSmultiple inputs goes into 1 output
creatine kinase - ANSmuscle enzyme found in skeletal and cardiac muscle; elevated blood
levels associated with heart attack, muscular dystrophy, and other skeletal muscle
pathologies
creatine phosphate - ANSacts as an energy reserve in muscle tissue
Cross-crawl contraction - ANSopposite muscle contractions
CSF functions - ANSbuoyancy, protection, chemical stability
, deltoid - ANS abduction of the shoulder Dendrites are information-receiving parts of a
neuron that resemble branches. Depolarization - ANSThe process during the action potential
when sodium is rushing into the cell causing the interior to become more positive.
describe the power process of muscle contraction - ANSATP binds to myosin
Diaphragm - ANSLarge, flat muscle at the bottom of the chest cavity that helps with
breathing
divergent series - ANS1 input goes into multiple outputs
dopamine functions - ANSmotor control, reward, addiction
dura mater - ANSthick, outermost layer of the meninges surrounding and protecting the
brain and spinal cord
eccentric contraction - ANSmuscle lengthens
The capacity of muscle fibers to recoil and resume their resting length after being stretched
is known as the elasticity of the muscle (ANS). electrically gated channels - ANSopen in
response to electrical charge
Endomysium - ANSConnective tissue surrounding a muscle fiber
The digestive tract's nervous system is known as the enteric nervous system (ANS).
Ependymal cells (CNS) - ANSproduce cerebrospinal fluid
Epimysium - ANSsurrounds entire muscle
Epinephrine - ANSadrenaline; raises glucose levels
EPSP (excitatory postsynaptic potential) - ANSdepolarizing graded potential in postsynaptic
neuron in response to activation of excitatory synapse
Ability to respond to stimuli: excitation Extensibility - ANSability to be stretched
external intercostals - ANSelevates ribs during inspiration
First class lever system - ANSfulcrum between load and effort
fusiform - ANSspindle shaped
plantar flexion, gastrocnemius - ANSCalf muscle gluteus maximus - ANSextends thigh
gluteus medius - ANSabducts and medially rotates thigh
gluteus minimus - ANSabducts and medially rotates thigh
graded potential - ANSelectrical signals allowing communication over short distances
Hyperpolarization - ANSThe movement of the membrane potential of a cell away from rest
potential in a more negative direction.
I band - ANSlight band, actin only
identify the muscle proteins - ANSmyosin, actin, tropomyosin, troponin, titin
iliopsas muscle - ANSflexes thigh or trunk
inferior oblique - ANSelevates eye and turns it laterally
inferior rectus - ANS turns the eye medially and depresses it. insertion of skeletal muscle -
ANSattachment to mobile end of muscle
internal intercostals - ANSdepresses ribs during forced expiration
Interneurons - ANSCentral nervous system neurons that internally communicate and
intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs
IPSP (inhibitory postsynaptic potential) - ANSsynaptic potential that makes a postsynaptic
neuron less likely to generate an action potential
isometric contraction - ANSMuscle contracts but there is no movement, muscle stays the
same length
isotonic contraction - ANSA muscle contraction that pulls on the bones and produces
movement of body parts.
Krebs cycle - ANSsecond stage of cellular respiration
lateral rectus - ANSmoves eye laterally
