Bio 4B - Final Exam 2025/2026 Exam
Questions and Verified Answers |
1
Already Graded A+
True or False: Plants, fungi, and bacteria have immune responses. - 🧠 ANSWER
✔✔True
How do immune cells recognize pathogens? What kind of recognition? - 🧠
ANSWER ✔✔Innate recognition and Adaptive recognition.
What is the kind of immunity that all animals have and how does it work? - 🧠
ANSWER ✔✔Innate immunity. It's a defense active immediately upon infection.
Including barriers like skin, mucous, etc.
What is the immunity that only vertebrates have and how does it work? - 🧠
ANSWER ✔✔Adaptive immunity. It's activated after the innate response and
develops more slowly.
Give me an example of innate immunity and its steps. - 🧠 ANSWER
✔✔Phagocytosis.
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,1) Pseudopodia surround pathogens.
2) Pathogens are engulfed by endocytosis.
2
3) Vacuole forms.
4) Vacuole and lysosome fuse.
5) Pathogens destroyed.
6) Debris from pathogens released.
Explain the antiviral defense in insects. - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔The virus infects the
host cell. An enzyme breaks up the viral RNA so it won't replicate.
Give me 3 cellular innate defenses in mammals - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔1) Innate
immune cells detect, devour and destroy invading pathogens: recognize pathogens
using TLRs (toll-like receptors)
2) Phagocytic cells: neutrophils, eosinophils (white blood cells), macrophages, and
dentritic cells.
4) Natural Killer Cells (NKCs): circulating thourgh the body and detect abnormal
cells, leading to cell death inhibiting the spread of infected/cancerous cells.
How does an inflammatory response start and what are two signs of it? - 🧠
ANSWER ✔✔Signs: heat and swelling
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,Mast cells discharge cytokines, recruiting neutrophils to the site. Mast cells release
3
histamine, triggering blood vessels to dilate and become more permeable. The
increase in blood supply produces the inflammatory response.
How can some pathogens avoid the innate immunity? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Due to
their outer capsule that avoid molecular recognition and phagocytosis. i.e:
Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumonia and meningitis) or M. tuberculosis (it's
recognized but resists breakdown)
What is unique about adaptive immunity? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Receptors provide
pathogen-specific recognition.
This is enhanced by previous exposure to the pathogen.
What are the two lymphocytes that the adaptive response relies on? Why are they
named like that? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔T cells (mature in thymus) and B cells (mature
in bone marrow)
Differentiate the primary and secondary immune responses involved in
immunological memory. - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Primary immune response is the first
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PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
, exposure to antigen, therefore slower. A clone of lymphocytes is formed that are
specific to the pathogen.
4
Secondary immune response is faster, greated and more prolonged response from a
reservoir of T and B memory cells.
True or false: antibodies kill pathogens. - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔False. Instead, they
mark pathogens for inactivation or destruction.
What are the antibodies function? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Mark pathogens for
inactivation or destruction, neutralization by binding to viral surface proteins to
avoid infection of a host cell, and B cells can express 5 different forms of
immunoglobulin (Ig) with similar antigen-binding specificity. (IgD, IgA, IgE, IgG,
IgM)
What kinds of vaccines are there against COVID? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔1) Genetic-
code vaccines
2) Viral vector vaccines
3) Subunit vaccines
4) Weakened/inactive vaccines
100% GUARATEED SUCCESS
COPYRIGHT©PROFFKERRYMARTIN 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE.
PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
Questions and Verified Answers |
1
Already Graded A+
True or False: Plants, fungi, and bacteria have immune responses. - 🧠 ANSWER
✔✔True
How do immune cells recognize pathogens? What kind of recognition? - 🧠
ANSWER ✔✔Innate recognition and Adaptive recognition.
What is the kind of immunity that all animals have and how does it work? - 🧠
ANSWER ✔✔Innate immunity. It's a defense active immediately upon infection.
Including barriers like skin, mucous, etc.
What is the immunity that only vertebrates have and how does it work? - 🧠
ANSWER ✔✔Adaptive immunity. It's activated after the innate response and
develops more slowly.
Give me an example of innate immunity and its steps. - 🧠 ANSWER
✔✔Phagocytosis.
100% GUARATEED SUCCESS
COPYRIGHT©PROFFKERRYMARTIN 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE.
PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
,1) Pseudopodia surround pathogens.
2) Pathogens are engulfed by endocytosis.
2
3) Vacuole forms.
4) Vacuole and lysosome fuse.
5) Pathogens destroyed.
6) Debris from pathogens released.
Explain the antiviral defense in insects. - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔The virus infects the
host cell. An enzyme breaks up the viral RNA so it won't replicate.
Give me 3 cellular innate defenses in mammals - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔1) Innate
immune cells detect, devour and destroy invading pathogens: recognize pathogens
using TLRs (toll-like receptors)
2) Phagocytic cells: neutrophils, eosinophils (white blood cells), macrophages, and
dentritic cells.
4) Natural Killer Cells (NKCs): circulating thourgh the body and detect abnormal
cells, leading to cell death inhibiting the spread of infected/cancerous cells.
How does an inflammatory response start and what are two signs of it? - 🧠
ANSWER ✔✔Signs: heat and swelling
100% GUARATEED SUCCESS
COPYRIGHT©PROFFKERRYMARTIN 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE.
PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
,Mast cells discharge cytokines, recruiting neutrophils to the site. Mast cells release
3
histamine, triggering blood vessels to dilate and become more permeable. The
increase in blood supply produces the inflammatory response.
How can some pathogens avoid the innate immunity? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Due to
their outer capsule that avoid molecular recognition and phagocytosis. i.e:
Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumonia and meningitis) or M. tuberculosis (it's
recognized but resists breakdown)
What is unique about adaptive immunity? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Receptors provide
pathogen-specific recognition.
This is enhanced by previous exposure to the pathogen.
What are the two lymphocytes that the adaptive response relies on? Why are they
named like that? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔T cells (mature in thymus) and B cells (mature
in bone marrow)
Differentiate the primary and secondary immune responses involved in
immunological memory. - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Primary immune response is the first
100% GUARATEED SUCCESS
COPYRIGHT©PROFFKERRYMARTIN 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE.
PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
, exposure to antigen, therefore slower. A clone of lymphocytes is formed that are
specific to the pathogen.
4
Secondary immune response is faster, greated and more prolonged response from a
reservoir of T and B memory cells.
True or false: antibodies kill pathogens. - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔False. Instead, they
mark pathogens for inactivation or destruction.
What are the antibodies function? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Mark pathogens for
inactivation or destruction, neutralization by binding to viral surface proteins to
avoid infection of a host cell, and B cells can express 5 different forms of
immunoglobulin (Ig) with similar antigen-binding specificity. (IgD, IgA, IgE, IgG,
IgM)
What kinds of vaccines are there against COVID? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔1) Genetic-
code vaccines
2) Viral vector vaccines
3) Subunit vaccines
4) Weakened/inactive vaccines
100% GUARATEED SUCCESS
COPYRIGHT©PROFFKERRYMARTIN 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE.
PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
