Chapter 4 Biology 1001 LSUE Dr. Barton QUESTIONS WITH
ANSWERS RATED A+
cytosol - a thick, jellylike fluid within the interior of all cells
chromosomes - carry genes made of DNA
ribosomes - tiny structures that make proteins according to instructions from the genes
cytoplasm - The inside of both types of cells both eukaryotic and prokaryotic (in eukaryotic cells,
this term refers only to the region between the nucleus and the plasma membrane.)
nucleoid - a region where the DNA is coiled surrounded by no membrane
flagella - Long projections that propel a cell through its liquid environment (mostly in
prokaryotes)
protists - a diverse group of mostly unicellular organisms
organelles - "organs" of a cell which perform specific tasks
the four basic functional groups of a cells organelles/structures - (1) The nucleus and ribosomes
carry out the genetic control of the cell. (2) Organelles involved in the manufacture, distribution,
and breakdown of molecules include the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes,
vacuoles, and peroxisomes. (3) Mitochondria in all cells and chloroplasts in plant cells function
in energy processing. (4) Structural support, movement, and communication between cells are
the functions of the cytoskeleton, plasma membrane, and plant cell wall.
cellular metabolism - the set of chemical reactions that occur in living organisms in order to
maintain life
central vacuole - a compartment that stores water and a variety of chemicals
Plasmodesmata - cytoplasmic channels through cell walls that connect adjacent cells
Distinct features of plant cells - rigid, thick cell walls made of cellulose, has chloroplasts, has
large central vacuoles, has plasmodesmata
Distinct features of animal cells - has lysosomes and centrosomes, "smooth" cell wall
chromatin - clusters of proteins and DNA
nuclear envelope - a double membrane that encloses the nucleus
, function of the nuclear envelope - controls the flow of materials into and out of the nucleus
nucleolus - a prominent structure in the nucleus where rRNA is synthesized according to
instructions in the DNA
function of mRNA - directs protein synthesis
Suspended ribosomes in cytosol - "free" ribosomes (identical to bound ribosomes)
ribosomes attached to the outside of the endoplasmic reticulum or nuclear envelope - "bound"
ribosomes (identical to free ribosomes)
Golgi apparatus - a complex of vesicles and folded membranes within the cytoplasm of most
eukaryotic cells, secretes and transports from ER to other parts of the cell
lysosome - a membrane-enclosed sac of digestive enzymes
endomembrane system - a system that separates the cell into different compartments/organelles
such as the nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, various types
of vesicles and vacuoles, and the plasma membrane
vesicles - sacs made of membrane
endoplasmic reticulum (ER) - an extensive network of flattened sacs and tubules and the largest
component of the endomembrane system
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum - (ER) that lacks ribosomes and separates toxins from cells
Rough endoplasmic reticulum - (ER) that has ribosomes that make membrane & secretory
proteins
function of smooth ER - allows enzymes to synthesis lipids like oils, phospholipids, and steroids
and stores calcium ions
function of rough ER - secretes proteins produced by ribosomes
glycoprotein - short sugar chains attached to proteins
transport vesicle - a vesicle that moves from one part of the cell to another
polypeptide - a linear organic polymer consisting of a large number of amino-acid residues
bonded together in a chain, forming part of/whole protein molecule
function of lysosomes - provides an acidic environment for its enzymes, while safely isolating
them from the rest of the cell
ANSWERS RATED A+
cytosol - a thick, jellylike fluid within the interior of all cells
chromosomes - carry genes made of DNA
ribosomes - tiny structures that make proteins according to instructions from the genes
cytoplasm - The inside of both types of cells both eukaryotic and prokaryotic (in eukaryotic cells,
this term refers only to the region between the nucleus and the plasma membrane.)
nucleoid - a region where the DNA is coiled surrounded by no membrane
flagella - Long projections that propel a cell through its liquid environment (mostly in
prokaryotes)
protists - a diverse group of mostly unicellular organisms
organelles - "organs" of a cell which perform specific tasks
the four basic functional groups of a cells organelles/structures - (1) The nucleus and ribosomes
carry out the genetic control of the cell. (2) Organelles involved in the manufacture, distribution,
and breakdown of molecules include the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes,
vacuoles, and peroxisomes. (3) Mitochondria in all cells and chloroplasts in plant cells function
in energy processing. (4) Structural support, movement, and communication between cells are
the functions of the cytoskeleton, plasma membrane, and plant cell wall.
cellular metabolism - the set of chemical reactions that occur in living organisms in order to
maintain life
central vacuole - a compartment that stores water and a variety of chemicals
Plasmodesmata - cytoplasmic channels through cell walls that connect adjacent cells
Distinct features of plant cells - rigid, thick cell walls made of cellulose, has chloroplasts, has
large central vacuoles, has plasmodesmata
Distinct features of animal cells - has lysosomes and centrosomes, "smooth" cell wall
chromatin - clusters of proteins and DNA
nuclear envelope - a double membrane that encloses the nucleus
, function of the nuclear envelope - controls the flow of materials into and out of the nucleus
nucleolus - a prominent structure in the nucleus where rRNA is synthesized according to
instructions in the DNA
function of mRNA - directs protein synthesis
Suspended ribosomes in cytosol - "free" ribosomes (identical to bound ribosomes)
ribosomes attached to the outside of the endoplasmic reticulum or nuclear envelope - "bound"
ribosomes (identical to free ribosomes)
Golgi apparatus - a complex of vesicles and folded membranes within the cytoplasm of most
eukaryotic cells, secretes and transports from ER to other parts of the cell
lysosome - a membrane-enclosed sac of digestive enzymes
endomembrane system - a system that separates the cell into different compartments/organelles
such as the nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, various types
of vesicles and vacuoles, and the plasma membrane
vesicles - sacs made of membrane
endoplasmic reticulum (ER) - an extensive network of flattened sacs and tubules and the largest
component of the endomembrane system
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum - (ER) that lacks ribosomes and separates toxins from cells
Rough endoplasmic reticulum - (ER) that has ribosomes that make membrane & secretory
proteins
function of smooth ER - allows enzymes to synthesis lipids like oils, phospholipids, and steroids
and stores calcium ions
function of rough ER - secretes proteins produced by ribosomes
glycoprotein - short sugar chains attached to proteins
transport vesicle - a vesicle that moves from one part of the cell to another
polypeptide - a linear organic polymer consisting of a large number of amino-acid residues
bonded together in a chain, forming part of/whole protein molecule
function of lysosomes - provides an acidic environment for its enzymes, while safely isolating
them from the rest of the cell
