Biology 1134 Exam 2 2025/2026 Exam
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Transport proteins - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔-Allow for the movement of ions and
hydrophilic molecules across membranes.
-Transmembrane proteins
-Play major role in selective permeability of membranes
-2 types: Channels and Transporters
Channels - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔-Transmembrane proteins
-Form open passageways across the membrane
-Function in facilitated diffusion of ions/molecules.
-Solutes move directly through to get to other side of membrane.
-Up to 100 ions/molecules per sec.
-Most are gated: opening and closing is regulated
-may involve non covalent binding of molecule to chemical protein
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,-Ex: Aquporin: water movement across membrane.
Transporters - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔-also called Carriers
-Transmembrane protein
-Binds solute in hydrophobic pocket
-Undergoes conformational change in shape
-Hydrophilic pocket pocket exposed to other side of membrane
-moves between 100-1000 molecules/ions per second
-Ex. of what is moved: organic molecules, hormones, neurotransmitters, waste
Uniporters (Transporter) - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔move 1 ion/molecule across membrane
Symporters (Transporter) - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Move 2 or more ions/molecules across
a membrane in the same direction
Antiporters (Transporter) - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔moves 2 or more Ions/Molecules in the
opposite direction
Active Transport - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔-Transport of solutes from areas of lower
concentration of the solute to areas of higher concentration.
-Move against their concentration gradient [Low] to [High]
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,-Energetically unfavorable
-requires an input of energy by the cell
Primary Active Transport - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔-Requires a protein pump to move
solutes
-can generate an electrochemical gradient across a membrane
-may be uniporter, symporter, or antiporter
-[Low] to [High]
Protein Pump - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔A transporter protein that directly uses energy to
move solutes against their concentration gradient
Secondary Active Transport - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔-Uses pre-existing gradients to
power active transport of solutes
-Ex: a preexisting H+ electrochemical gradient drives the active transport of
sucrose
Exocytosis and Endocytosis - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔-Transport of large molecules and
very large particles (Ex: proteins, carbohydrates, bacteria)
-Include packaging of substances into vesicles or vacuole
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STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
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, Exocytosis - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔-Material (cargo) within the cell is enclosed within a
vesicle
-Vesicle moves to and fuses with plasma membrane
-Cargo is released outside of the cell
Endocytosis - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔-The plasma membrane invaginate around material
to be incorporated into a cell
-A vesicle containing the material forms within the cell
Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Membrane receptors bind
specific molecules (Ligands). (ex. Proteins, peptide hormones)
-Internal region of membrane binds within coat proteins
-Initiates membrane invagination and vesicle formation
-Vesicle is released into cell
-Usually vesicle fuses with membrane of an organelle
-recepter releases cargo
Pinocytosis - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔-Form of endocytosis
-Cells to take in extracellular fluid
COPYRIGHT©JOSHCLAY 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY
STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
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Questions with 100% Correct Answers |
Latest Update
Transport proteins - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔-Allow for the movement of ions and
hydrophilic molecules across membranes.
-Transmembrane proteins
-Play major role in selective permeability of membranes
-2 types: Channels and Transporters
Channels - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔-Transmembrane proteins
-Form open passageways across the membrane
-Function in facilitated diffusion of ions/molecules.
-Solutes move directly through to get to other side of membrane.
-Up to 100 ions/molecules per sec.
-Most are gated: opening and closing is regulated
-may involve non covalent binding of molecule to chemical protein
COPYRIGHT©JOSHCLAY 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY
STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
1
,-Ex: Aquporin: water movement across membrane.
Transporters - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔-also called Carriers
-Transmembrane protein
-Binds solute in hydrophobic pocket
-Undergoes conformational change in shape
-Hydrophilic pocket pocket exposed to other side of membrane
-moves between 100-1000 molecules/ions per second
-Ex. of what is moved: organic molecules, hormones, neurotransmitters, waste
Uniporters (Transporter) - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔move 1 ion/molecule across membrane
Symporters (Transporter) - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Move 2 or more ions/molecules across
a membrane in the same direction
Antiporters (Transporter) - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔moves 2 or more Ions/Molecules in the
opposite direction
Active Transport - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔-Transport of solutes from areas of lower
concentration of the solute to areas of higher concentration.
-Move against their concentration gradient [Low] to [High]
COPYRIGHT©JOSHCLAY 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY
STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
2
,-Energetically unfavorable
-requires an input of energy by the cell
Primary Active Transport - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔-Requires a protein pump to move
solutes
-can generate an electrochemical gradient across a membrane
-may be uniporter, symporter, or antiporter
-[Low] to [High]
Protein Pump - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔A transporter protein that directly uses energy to
move solutes against their concentration gradient
Secondary Active Transport - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔-Uses pre-existing gradients to
power active transport of solutes
-Ex: a preexisting H+ electrochemical gradient drives the active transport of
sucrose
Exocytosis and Endocytosis - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔-Transport of large molecules and
very large particles (Ex: proteins, carbohydrates, bacteria)
-Include packaging of substances into vesicles or vacuole
COPYRIGHT©JOSHCLAY 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY
STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
3
, Exocytosis - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔-Material (cargo) within the cell is enclosed within a
vesicle
-Vesicle moves to and fuses with plasma membrane
-Cargo is released outside of the cell
Endocytosis - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔-The plasma membrane invaginate around material
to be incorporated into a cell
-A vesicle containing the material forms within the cell
Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Membrane receptors bind
specific molecules (Ligands). (ex. Proteins, peptide hormones)
-Internal region of membrane binds within coat proteins
-Initiates membrane invagination and vesicle formation
-Vesicle is released into cell
-Usually vesicle fuses with membrane of an organelle
-recepter releases cargo
Pinocytosis - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔-Form of endocytosis
-Cells to take in extracellular fluid
COPYRIGHT©JOSHCLAY 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY
STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
4
