ECPI BIO 111 EXAM 1 STUDY GUIDE 2025/2026 COMPLETE QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED CORRECT SOLUTIONS || 100% GUARANTEED PASS <LATEST VERSION>

ECPI BIO 111 EXAM 1 STUDY GUIDE 2025/2026 COMPLETE QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED CORRECT SOLUTIONS || 100% GUARANTEED PASS &lt;LATEST VERSION&gt; 1. Biology - ANSWER the study of living organisms and their interactions with one another and their environments 2. Science - ANSWER knowledge that covers general truths or the operation of general laws 3. Scientific method - ANSWER a method of research with defined steps 4. Hypothesis - ANSWER a suggested explanation for an event; can be tested 5. Inductive reasoning - ANSWER a form of logical thinking that uses related observations to arrive at a general conclusion 6. Is inductive reasoning descriptive/discovery science or hypothesis-based science? - ANSWER descriptive or discovery science 7. Is deductive reasoning descriptive/discovery science or hypothesis-based science? - ANSWER hypothesis-based science 8. Deductive reasoning - ANSWER a form of logical thinking that uses a general principle or law to forecast specific results 9. Hypothesis must be both _______ and _______. - ANSWER testable and falsifiable 10. Tests must include _____ and _______. - ANSWER Variables and control group 11. Scientific Method Steps - ANSWER Observation-&gt;problem Propose hypothesis Experiment Data Collection Results/Conclusion, If necessary restart 12. What is the difference between basic science and applied science? - ANSWER basic science: "pure" science 13. Applied science: "technology" 14. Peer-reviewed manuscripts - ANSWER (what we call "primary sources") 15. Parts include: abstract, introduction, materials and methods, results, discussion, conclusion 16. Parts tend to follow the scientific method 17. Plagiarism - ANSWER using the work or ideas of others without proper citation 18. what are the Properties of life? - ANSWER properties determine if something is living 19. list the Properties of life - ANSWER 1.Order 2.Sensitivity or response to the environment 3.Reproduction 4.Adaptation 5.Growth and development 6. Regulation 7. Homeostasis 8. Energy processing 9. Evolution 20. List levels of organization in order of smallest to largest: - ANSWER Atom Molecule Macromolecule Organelles Cell 1. Prokaryotes 2. Eukaryotes Tissues Organs Organ system Organism Population Community Ecosystem Biosphere 21. Evolution - ANSWER the process of gradual change during which new species arise from older species 22. Phylogenetic tree - ANSWER a diagram showing the evolutionary relationships among biological species based on similarities and differences in genetic or physical traits or both 23. The Earth is estimated to be about _____________ years old. - ANSWER 4.6 billion 24. how long has life been on earth? - ANSWER 3.5 billion years 25. Why are individuals with Type O blood less likely to die from severe malaria? - ANSWER The malaria parasite secretes RIFN protein binds strongly to the surface of blood cells in individuals with type A blood. 26. But, the protein only has a weak bind to type O blood. 27. deductive reasoning - ANSWER start with premise—premise leads to certain conclusion (top down) (certainty) 28. inductive reasoning - ANSWER make repeated observations—generalize repeatedly observed phenomena (bottom up) (probability) 29. latin origin of the term 'science' - ANSWER Scientia = "knowledge". 30. How is a theory different from a hypothesis? - ANSWER A theory is tested and confirmed while a hypothesis is suggested explanation for an event that can be tested. A hypothesis could become a theory after being verified. 31. explanatory hypothesis - ANSWER A tentative, testable, and falsifiable statement that explains some observed phenomenon in nature. 32. True or false: The scientific method can be used to prove a claim - ANSWER false 33. what is the difference between control group and experimental group - ANSWER The experimental group is exposed to the independent variable and the control group is not 34. The Null Hypothesis (H0) - ANSWER based on the status quo, assumptions, or nothing changes assumed to be the norm Opposite of the research question 35. The Alternative Hypothesis (HA) - ANSWER rejection of an assumption rejection of the given or norm Research question to be 'proven' 36. Explain how the Human Genome Project incorpoarted both basic and applied sciences. - ANSWER The Human Genone Project incoprerated basic science when researching simple organisms and the human genome. The data eventually began to be used for applied research when seeking cures and giagnosing genetically related diseases early 37. peer-reviewed manuscripts - ANSWER scientific papers that are reviewed by colleagues and peers. They are judged to see if the work is suitable to be published by highly 38. How are review articles different from peer-reviewed manuscripts? - ANSWER Peer reviewed manuscripts present original findings or include primary literature and review articles do not. Review articles also don't follow the IMRAD format and instead summarize and comment on findings that were published elsewhere 39. define the 9 characteristics that define if something is alive: 1. order 2. sensitivity or response to the environment 3. Reproduction 4. Adaptation 5. Growth and Development 6. Regulation 7. Homeostasis 8. Energy processing 9. Evolution - ANSWER 1. Order: highly organized, coordinated structures that consist of one or more cells. 3. Sensitivity or response to the environment: For example, plants bending toward a source of light is a positive response to a stimulus. 4. Reproduction: When DNA containing genes are passed to offspring 5. Adaptation: organisms exhibit a "fit" to their environment as a result of evolution by natural selection. 6. Growth and Development: grow and exhibit many of the same characteristics of its parents 7. Regulation: Living organisms require multiple regulatory mechanisms in order to coordinate internal functions, response to stimuli and cope with environmental stressors. 8. Homeostasis: Living organisms require a relatively stable internal environment to maintain life. 9. Energy processing: use source of energy for their metabolic activities 10. Evolution: diversity is a result of mutation 40. Homeostasis - ANSWER Living organisms require a relatively stable internal environment to maintain life. 41. autotroph - ANSWER organisms that are capable of producing its own food 42. an autotroph is a ______ producer - ANSWER primary 43. Autotrophs that obtain energy and nutrients by harnessing sunlight through photosynthesis are specifically called: - ANSWER photoautotrophs 44. Autotrophs that obtain food from chemical reactions are called: - ANSWER Chemotrophs 45. What is identified as 'the source' of the tremendous diversity of life on Earth? - ANSWER Evolution 46. What do the internal nodes on a phylogenetic tree represent? - ANSWER represent ancestors and are points in evolution where an ancestor has diverged to form two new species. 47. what does the length of the branches on a phylogenetic tree represent? - ANSWER the time elapsed since the split. 48. What are the 3 domains of life? - ANSWER Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya 49. Who revolutionized systematics (how life is classified) in the 1970s and reorangized all life on Earth from a 5 Kingdom system of classification to one with 3 Domains.(bacteria, archaea, eukarya) - ANSWER Carl Woese 50. What kind of scientific data did Woese add to the morphological data to create his new classification system? - ANSWER He used gentic relationships, specifically by comparing rRNA sequences. 51. With evolution as the core theme of biology, we can explain traits shared by organisms as evidence of __________ and traits that differ among organisms as evidence of __________. a. descent from a common ancestor; chance b. coincidence; adaptation c. systems biology; reductionism d. descent from a common ancestor; adaptation through natural selection - ANSWER d. descent from a common ancestor; adaptation through natural selection. 52. A peptide bond ____ - ANSWER forms the primary structure of proteins 53. About 25 of the 92 natural elements are known to be essential to life. Which four of these 25 elements make up approximately 96% of living matter? - ANSWER carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen 54. Nucleic acids are polymers made up of which of the following monomers? - ANSWER nucleotides 55. Nitrogen is more electronegative than hydrogen. Which of the following is a correct statement about the atoms in ammonia (NH3) - ANSWER ammonia has an overall positive charge 56. Side chains of amino acids ____ - ANSWER are all nonpolar 57. Large numbers of ribosomes are present in cells that specialize in producing which of the following molecules? - ANSWER proteins 58. Van der Waals interaction may result when ____ - ANSWER electrons are not symmetrically distributed in a molecule 59. Forests - ANSWER land dominated by trees and other woody vegetation and sometimes used for commercial logging 60. Tropical rainforest, coniferous forests (taiga) , temperate deciduous forests 61. Grasslands - ANSWER A biome dominated by grasses and associated herbaceous plants. Tropical grasslands Temperate grassland (prairie) 62. Deserts - ANSWER a barren region with little or no rainfall, usually sandy and without trees.. Tundra Deserts 63. Abiotic vs. Biotic environmental components - ANSWER (Not living) Water, Temp. sunlight vs. Plants&Animals (living) 64. Herbivores - ANSWER Plants and algae 65. Carnivore - ANSWER Other animals 66. Omnivore - ANSWER Plants and animals 67. Detritivore - ANSWER Decomposing organic matter 68. What is the ultimate source of energy? - ANSWER solar energy 69. Energy can be converted from one form to another but - ANSWER Never 100%. Some energy is lost or given off as heat 70. photosinthesis - ANSWER Is the process where producers (autotrophs) make food using sunlight energy 71. _____ __________ are dependent on the process of photosynthesis - ANSWER All organisms 72. ecological pyramid - ANSWER Top carnivores 1.5. ^ Carnivores 11. /. Herbivores 37 /. Producers 809 /____________ 73. diagram that shows the relative amounts of energy or matter within each trophic level in a food chain or food web 74. Water cycle - ANSWER The continuous process by which water moves from Earth's surface to the atmosphere and back. Includes; evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation, and runoff 75. Carbon cycle - ANSWER the movement of carbon from the nonliving environment into living things and back. Biotic components include photosynthesis and respiration 76. Nitrogen cycle - ANSWER The transfer of nitrogen from the atmosphere to the soil, to living organisms, and back to the atmosphere. Biotic processes include nitrogen fixation and nitrification 77. Nitrogen fixation - ANSWER Process of converting nitrogen gas into ammonia 78. Nitrification - ANSWER ammonia is converted to nitrate ions (NO3-). 79. What causes ozone depletion - ANSWER CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons) 80. 2 most diverse biodiverse ecosystem - ANSWER Coral reefs and tropical rainforests