,Step-by-Step Clinical Pathophysiology Review:
880+ Questions for 7th Edition Mastery
Contents
PART ONE: BASIC CONCEPTS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Unit 1: The Cell
1. Cellular Biology
2. Genes and Genetic Diseases
3. Epigenetics and Disease
4. Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology
5. Fluids and Electrolytes, Acids and Bases
Unit 2: Mechanisms of Self-Defense
6. Innate Immunity: Inflammation and Wound Healing
7. Adaptive Immunity
8. Alterations in Immunity NEW
9. Infection and Defects in Mechanisms of Defense
10. Stress and Disease
Unit 3: Cellular Proliferation: Cancer
11. Biology of Cancer
12. Cancer Epidemiology
13. Cancer in Children and Adolescents
PART TWO: BODY SYSTEMS AND DISEASES
Unit 4: The Neurologic System
14. Structure and Function of the Neurologic System
15. Pain, Temperature, Sleep, and Sensory Function
16. Alterations in Cognitive Systems, Cerebral Hemodynamics, and Motor Function
17. Disorders of the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems and Neuromuscular Junction
18. Alterations of Neurologic Function in Children
Unit 5: The Endocrine System
19. Mechanisms of Hormonal Regulation
20. Alterations of Hormonal Regulation
21. Obesity and Disorders of Nutrition NEW
Unit 6: The Hematologic System
22. Structure and Function of the Hematologic System
23. Alterations of Hematologic Function
24. Alterations of Hematologic Function in Children
Unit 7: The Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems
25. Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems
,26. Alterations of Cardiovascular Function
27. Alterations of Cardiovascular Function in Children
Unit 8: The Pulmonary System
28. Structure and Function of the Pulmonary System
29. Alterations of Pulmonary Function
30. Alterations of Pulmonary Function in Children
Unit 9: The Renal and Urologic Systems
31. Structure and Function of the Renal and Urologic Systems
32. Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function
33. Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function in Children
Unit 10: The Reproductive Systems
34. Structure and Function of the Reproductive Systems
35. Alterations of the Female Reproductive System
36. Alterations of the Male Reproductive System
Unit 11: The Digestive System
37. Structure and Function of the Digestive System
38. Alterations of Digestive Function
39. Alterations of Digestive Function in Children
Unit 12: The Musculoskeletal and Integumentary Systems
40. Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System
41. Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function
42. Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function in Children
43. Structure, Function, and Disorders of the Integument
44. Alterations of the Integument in Children
,1.1 Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
1. Which of the following is a hallmark feature that
distinguishes eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells?
A. Presence of a peptidoglycan cell wall
B. Lack of a true nucleus
C. Membrane-bound organelles
D. Circular DNA genome
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound
organelles (e.g., mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum),
whereas prokaryotes do not. Prokaryotes often have
peptidoglycan cell walls and circular genomes, and they
lack a true nucleus.
Section Reference: 1.1 Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
2. Bacterial cells differ from animal cells in that bacteria:
A. Perform oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria
B. Have 80S ribosomes
C. Are always multicellular
D. Lack a membrane-bound nucleus
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Bacteria are prokaryotes and lack a membrane-
bound nucleus; they perform protein synthesis on 70S
ribosomes and use plasma membrane for energy
generation.
Section Reference: 1.1 Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
,3. Which statement about the genetic material of
prokaryotes is correct?
A. It is organized into multiple linear chromosomes.
B. It is contained within a nuclear envelope.
C. It is typically a single circular DNA molecule located in
the nucleoid.
D. It is associated with histone proteins.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Prokaryotic genetic material is usually a single
circular DNA chromosome located in the nucleoid region;
histones and nuclear envelopes are features of
eukaryotes.
Section Reference: 1.1 Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
4. Clinically, antibiotics that target 70S ribosomes exploit
the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
by:
A. Inhibiting nuclear transcription
B. Blocking protein synthesis in bacteria without harming
host cells
C. Disrupting mitochondrial DNA replication
D. Preventing peptidoglycan synthesis in eukaryotes
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Many antibiotics (e.g., tetracyclines) selectively
bind to bacterial 70S ribosomes, inhibiting bacterial
protein synthesis while sparing host 80S ribosomes.
Section Reference: 1.1 Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
,1.2 Cellular Functions
5. The primary function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum
(RER) is to:
A. Synthesize lipids
B. Detoxify drugs
C. Synthesize proteins destined for secretion or membrane
insertion
D. Generate ATP
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: RER is studded with ribosomes and specializes
in the synthesis of secretory and membrane-bound
proteins.
Section Reference: 1.2 Cellular Functions
6. Which organelle is chiefly responsible for ATP production
in eukaryotic cells?
A. Lysosome
B. Golgi apparatus
C. Mitochondrion
D. Peroxisome
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Mitochondria are the site of oxidative
phosphorylation and the major producers of cellular ATP.
Section Reference: 1.2 Cellular Functions
7. One critical function of lysosomes is to:
A. Synthesize cholesterol
, B. Break down macromolecules via hydrolytic enzymes
C. Package proteins for secretion
D. Store calcium
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Lysosomes contain acid hydrolases that
degrade proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids.
Section Reference: 1.2 Cellular Functions
8. In hepatocytes, peroxisomes play a key role in:
A. Glycogen storage
B. Oxidation of very-long-chain fatty acids and
detoxification of hydrogen peroxide
C. Protein glycosylation
D. Assembly of ribosomal subunits
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Peroxisomes metabolize very-long-chain fatty
acids via β-oxidation and produce/degrade hydrogen
peroxide.
Section Reference: 1.2 Cellular Functions
1.3 Structure and Function of Cellular Components
9. The fluid mosaic model describes the plasma membrane
as:
A. Static lipid bilayer with embedded proteins
B. Rigid structure of cholesterol and phospholipids
C. Dynamic bilayer of lipids with proteins that move
laterally
, D. Protein coat surrounding a single lipid layer
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The fluid mosaic model posits that lipids form a
fluid bilayer in which proteins can move laterally.
Section Reference: 1.3 Structure and Function of Cellular
Components
10. 1.3.1 Cytoplasmic Organelles: Which organelle
modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for
secretion or delivery to other organelles?
A. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
B. Mitochondrion
C. Golgi apparatus
D. Lysosome
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The Golgi apparatus consists of cisternae that
process and traffic macromolecules synthesized in the ER.
Section Reference: 1.3.1 Cytoplasmic Organelles
11. 1.3.2 Cytoskeleton: Microtubules are critical for:**
A. Providing tensile strength to epithelia
B. Forming the mitotic spindle for chromosome
segregation
C. Enabling cell–cell adhesion
D. Synthesizing ATP
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Microtubules polymerize and depolymerize to
form the mitotic spindle, facilitating chromosome
, movement during mitosis.
Section Reference: 1.3.2 Cytoskeletal Elements
12. 1.3.3 Nucleus: The nucleolus is the site of:**
A. DNA replication
B. rRNA transcription and ribosome assembly
C. mRNA splicing
D. Protein degradation
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The nucleolus contains rRNA genes and
assembles ribosomal subunits.
Section Reference: 1.3.3 Nucleus
13. 1.3.4 Mitochondria: A defect in the electron
transport chain of mitochondria most directly impairs:**
A. Glycolysis
B. Citric acid cycle
C. Oxidative phosphorylation and ATP synthesis
D. Fatty acid synthesis
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The electron transport chain generates proton
gradient used by ATP synthase; a defect halts oxidative
phosphorylation.
Section Reference: 1.3.4 Mitochondria
14. Clinical Relevance (Analysis): A patient with a
mitochondrial myopathy likely has impaired function in
which component?
A. Lysosomal hydrolases
, B. Nuclear envelope
C. Inner mitochondrial membrane electron carriers
D. Peroxisomal oxidases
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Mitochondrial myopathies often involve
mutations in complexes I–V of the inner mitochondrial
membrane, reducing ATP production.
Section Reference: 1.3.4 Mitochondria
15. Which cytoskeletal element is composed of actin
and mediates cell movement and shape changes?
A. Intermediate filaments
B. Microtubules
C. Microfilaments
D. Tight junctions
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Microfilaments are polymers of actin that drive
cell motility and maintain cell shape.
Section Reference: 1.3.2 Cytoskeletal Elements
16. Intermediate filaments are best characterized by
their role in:
A. Vesicle transport
B. Maintaining cell shape and mechanical strength
C. Generating cellular energy
D. DNA replication
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Intermediate filaments (e.g., keratins) provide
880+ Questions for 7th Edition Mastery
Contents
PART ONE: BASIC CONCEPTS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Unit 1: The Cell
1. Cellular Biology
2. Genes and Genetic Diseases
3. Epigenetics and Disease
4. Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology
5. Fluids and Electrolytes, Acids and Bases
Unit 2: Mechanisms of Self-Defense
6. Innate Immunity: Inflammation and Wound Healing
7. Adaptive Immunity
8. Alterations in Immunity NEW
9. Infection and Defects in Mechanisms of Defense
10. Stress and Disease
Unit 3: Cellular Proliferation: Cancer
11. Biology of Cancer
12. Cancer Epidemiology
13. Cancer in Children and Adolescents
PART TWO: BODY SYSTEMS AND DISEASES
Unit 4: The Neurologic System
14. Structure and Function of the Neurologic System
15. Pain, Temperature, Sleep, and Sensory Function
16. Alterations in Cognitive Systems, Cerebral Hemodynamics, and Motor Function
17. Disorders of the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems and Neuromuscular Junction
18. Alterations of Neurologic Function in Children
Unit 5: The Endocrine System
19. Mechanisms of Hormonal Regulation
20. Alterations of Hormonal Regulation
21. Obesity and Disorders of Nutrition NEW
Unit 6: The Hematologic System
22. Structure and Function of the Hematologic System
23. Alterations of Hematologic Function
24. Alterations of Hematologic Function in Children
Unit 7: The Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems
25. Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems
,26. Alterations of Cardiovascular Function
27. Alterations of Cardiovascular Function in Children
Unit 8: The Pulmonary System
28. Structure and Function of the Pulmonary System
29. Alterations of Pulmonary Function
30. Alterations of Pulmonary Function in Children
Unit 9: The Renal and Urologic Systems
31. Structure and Function of the Renal and Urologic Systems
32. Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function
33. Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function in Children
Unit 10: The Reproductive Systems
34. Structure and Function of the Reproductive Systems
35. Alterations of the Female Reproductive System
36. Alterations of the Male Reproductive System
Unit 11: The Digestive System
37. Structure and Function of the Digestive System
38. Alterations of Digestive Function
39. Alterations of Digestive Function in Children
Unit 12: The Musculoskeletal and Integumentary Systems
40. Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System
41. Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function
42. Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function in Children
43. Structure, Function, and Disorders of the Integument
44. Alterations of the Integument in Children
,1.1 Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
1. Which of the following is a hallmark feature that
distinguishes eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells?
A. Presence of a peptidoglycan cell wall
B. Lack of a true nucleus
C. Membrane-bound organelles
D. Circular DNA genome
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound
organelles (e.g., mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum),
whereas prokaryotes do not. Prokaryotes often have
peptidoglycan cell walls and circular genomes, and they
lack a true nucleus.
Section Reference: 1.1 Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
2. Bacterial cells differ from animal cells in that bacteria:
A. Perform oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria
B. Have 80S ribosomes
C. Are always multicellular
D. Lack a membrane-bound nucleus
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Bacteria are prokaryotes and lack a membrane-
bound nucleus; they perform protein synthesis on 70S
ribosomes and use plasma membrane for energy
generation.
Section Reference: 1.1 Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
,3. Which statement about the genetic material of
prokaryotes is correct?
A. It is organized into multiple linear chromosomes.
B. It is contained within a nuclear envelope.
C. It is typically a single circular DNA molecule located in
the nucleoid.
D. It is associated with histone proteins.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Prokaryotic genetic material is usually a single
circular DNA chromosome located in the nucleoid region;
histones and nuclear envelopes are features of
eukaryotes.
Section Reference: 1.1 Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
4. Clinically, antibiotics that target 70S ribosomes exploit
the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
by:
A. Inhibiting nuclear transcription
B. Blocking protein synthesis in bacteria without harming
host cells
C. Disrupting mitochondrial DNA replication
D. Preventing peptidoglycan synthesis in eukaryotes
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Many antibiotics (e.g., tetracyclines) selectively
bind to bacterial 70S ribosomes, inhibiting bacterial
protein synthesis while sparing host 80S ribosomes.
Section Reference: 1.1 Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
,1.2 Cellular Functions
5. The primary function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum
(RER) is to:
A. Synthesize lipids
B. Detoxify drugs
C. Synthesize proteins destined for secretion or membrane
insertion
D. Generate ATP
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: RER is studded with ribosomes and specializes
in the synthesis of secretory and membrane-bound
proteins.
Section Reference: 1.2 Cellular Functions
6. Which organelle is chiefly responsible for ATP production
in eukaryotic cells?
A. Lysosome
B. Golgi apparatus
C. Mitochondrion
D. Peroxisome
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Mitochondria are the site of oxidative
phosphorylation and the major producers of cellular ATP.
Section Reference: 1.2 Cellular Functions
7. One critical function of lysosomes is to:
A. Synthesize cholesterol
, B. Break down macromolecules via hydrolytic enzymes
C. Package proteins for secretion
D. Store calcium
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Lysosomes contain acid hydrolases that
degrade proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids.
Section Reference: 1.2 Cellular Functions
8. In hepatocytes, peroxisomes play a key role in:
A. Glycogen storage
B. Oxidation of very-long-chain fatty acids and
detoxification of hydrogen peroxide
C. Protein glycosylation
D. Assembly of ribosomal subunits
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Peroxisomes metabolize very-long-chain fatty
acids via β-oxidation and produce/degrade hydrogen
peroxide.
Section Reference: 1.2 Cellular Functions
1.3 Structure and Function of Cellular Components
9. The fluid mosaic model describes the plasma membrane
as:
A. Static lipid bilayer with embedded proteins
B. Rigid structure of cholesterol and phospholipids
C. Dynamic bilayer of lipids with proteins that move
laterally
, D. Protein coat surrounding a single lipid layer
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The fluid mosaic model posits that lipids form a
fluid bilayer in which proteins can move laterally.
Section Reference: 1.3 Structure and Function of Cellular
Components
10. 1.3.1 Cytoplasmic Organelles: Which organelle
modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for
secretion or delivery to other organelles?
A. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
B. Mitochondrion
C. Golgi apparatus
D. Lysosome
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The Golgi apparatus consists of cisternae that
process and traffic macromolecules synthesized in the ER.
Section Reference: 1.3.1 Cytoplasmic Organelles
11. 1.3.2 Cytoskeleton: Microtubules are critical for:**
A. Providing tensile strength to epithelia
B. Forming the mitotic spindle for chromosome
segregation
C. Enabling cell–cell adhesion
D. Synthesizing ATP
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Microtubules polymerize and depolymerize to
form the mitotic spindle, facilitating chromosome
, movement during mitosis.
Section Reference: 1.3.2 Cytoskeletal Elements
12. 1.3.3 Nucleus: The nucleolus is the site of:**
A. DNA replication
B. rRNA transcription and ribosome assembly
C. mRNA splicing
D. Protein degradation
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The nucleolus contains rRNA genes and
assembles ribosomal subunits.
Section Reference: 1.3.3 Nucleus
13. 1.3.4 Mitochondria: A defect in the electron
transport chain of mitochondria most directly impairs:**
A. Glycolysis
B. Citric acid cycle
C. Oxidative phosphorylation and ATP synthesis
D. Fatty acid synthesis
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The electron transport chain generates proton
gradient used by ATP synthase; a defect halts oxidative
phosphorylation.
Section Reference: 1.3.4 Mitochondria
14. Clinical Relevance (Analysis): A patient with a
mitochondrial myopathy likely has impaired function in
which component?
A. Lysosomal hydrolases
, B. Nuclear envelope
C. Inner mitochondrial membrane electron carriers
D. Peroxisomal oxidases
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Mitochondrial myopathies often involve
mutations in complexes I–V of the inner mitochondrial
membrane, reducing ATP production.
Section Reference: 1.3.4 Mitochondria
15. Which cytoskeletal element is composed of actin
and mediates cell movement and shape changes?
A. Intermediate filaments
B. Microtubules
C. Microfilaments
D. Tight junctions
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Microfilaments are polymers of actin that drive
cell motility and maintain cell shape.
Section Reference: 1.3.2 Cytoskeletal Elements
16. Intermediate filaments are best characterized by
their role in:
A. Vesicle transport
B. Maintaining cell shape and mechanical strength
C. Generating cellular energy
D. DNA replication
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Intermediate filaments (e.g., keratins) provide
