STRUCTURE OF ATOM
Table of Contents
Theory ................................................................................................................................... 5
Solved Examples .................................................................................................................. 25
Exercise - 1 : Basic Objective Questions ............................................................................. 49
Exercise - 2 : Previous Year JEE Mains Questions ............................................................... 57
Exercise - 3 : Advanced Objective Questions ..................................................................... 61
Exercise - 4 : Previous Year JEE Advanced Questions ........................................................ 72
Answer Key .......................................................................................................................... 79
, IMPORTANT INFORMATION
S.No. Common Name Chemical Name Formulae
1. Alum Hydrated double sulphate of K2SO4.Al2(SO4)3.24 H2O
potassium and aluminium
2. Alumina Aluminium oxide Al2O3
3. Ammonia water Ammonium hydroxide NH4OH
4. Angelsite Lead sulphate PbSO4
5. Aqua fortis Concentrated nitric acid HNO3
6. Aqua regia ..................................... 3HCl(Conc) + HNO3(Conc)
7. Azote gas Nitrogen N2
8. Azurite blue Basic copper carbonate 2CuCO3.Cu(OH)2
9. Baking Soda Sodium hydrogen carbonate NaHCO3
10. Baryta Barium Hydroxide Ba(OH)2
11. Basic lead acetate ...................................... Pb(OH)2Pb(CH3COO)2
12. Bauxite Dihydrate Aluminium oxide Al2O3.2H2O
13. Blue Vitriol Pentahydrate of cupric sulphate CuSO4.5H2O
14. Bleaching powder Calcium oxychloride or calcium CaOCl2 or Ca(OCl)Cl
(hypochlorite) chloride
15. Borax Sodium tetraborate Na2B4O7.10H2O
16. Brimstone Sulphur S
17. Brine or common salt Sodium Chloride NaCl
or rock salt
18. Cerusite Lead carbonate PbCO3
19. Chalk or limestone Calcium Carbonate CaCO3
20. Chile saltpetre of Caliche Sodium nitrate NaNO3
21. Cuprite or ruby copper Cuprous oxide Cu2O
22. Copper glance Copper sulphide Cu2S
23. Carnalite Potassium magnesium chloride KCl.MgCl2.6H2O
24. Calomel Mercurous chloride Hg2Cl2
25. Cane sugar or Beet sugar Sucrose C12H22O11
26. Calgon Sodium hexa-metaphosphate Na2[Na4(PO3)6]
27. Caustic soda Sodium hydroxide NaOH
28. Caustic potash Potassium hydroxide KOH
29. Calamine Zinc carbonate ZnCO3
30. Corundum Aluminium oxide Al2O3
31. Dead burnt gypsum Anhydrous calcium sulphate CaSO4
32. Diaspore Monohydrate aluminium oxide Al2O3.H2O
33. Dry ice Solid carbon dioxide CO2 (solid)
34. Epsom salt Heptahydrate of magnesium sulphate MgSO4.7H2O
35. Fluorspar Calcium fluoride CaF2
36. Galena Lead sulphide PbS
37. Glauber’s salt Hydrated sodium sulphate Na2SO4.10H2O
38. Green Vitriol Ferrous sulphate FeSO4.7H2O
39. Gypsum Calcium sulphate dihydrate CaSO4.2H2O
40. Hydrolith Calcium hydride CaH2
41. Hypo Sodium thiosulphate Na2S2O3.5H2O
42. Iron pyrites Iron disulphide FeS2
43. Laughing gas Dinitrogen oxide N2O
44. Limonite Hydrated ferric oxide Fe2O3.3H2O
45. Litharge Lead monoxide PbO
46. Lime Calcium oxide CaO
,47. Lime water or slaked lime Calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2
48. Lime stone or chalk or marble Calcium carbonate CaCO3
49. Lunar caustic Silver nitrate AgNO3
50. Magnetite Ferrosoferric oxide Fe3O4
51. Milk of lime Calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2
52. Milk of magnesia Magnesium hydroxide Mg(OH)2
53. Marsh gas Methane CH4
54. Malachite (green) Basic copper carbonate CuCO3.Cu(OH)2
55. Magnesia Magnesium oxide MgO
56. Magnesite Magnesium carbonate MgCO3
57. Mohr’s salt Ferrous ammonium sulphate (NH4)2SO4 FeSO4.6H2O
hexahydrate
58. Muriatic acid Hydrochloric acid HCl
59. Nessler’s reagent Potassium tetra-idomercurate K2[Hg I4]
60. Nitre Potassium nitrate KNO3
61. Nitre cake Sodium hydrogen sulphate NaHSO4
62. Nitrolim Calcium cyanamide plus carbon CaCN2 + C
63. Nitrate of lime (Nitrolime) Basic calcium nitrate Ca(NO3)2.CaO
64. Oil of Vitriol Concentrated Sulphuric acid H2SO4
65. Oleum Pyrosulphuric acid H2S2O7
66. Pearl ash Potassium carbonate K2CO3
67. Philosopher’s wool Zinc oxide ZnO
68. Phosgene Carbonyl chloride COCl2
69. Potash Potassium carbonate K2CO3
70. Potash alum Potassium aluminium sulphate K2SO4.Al2(SO4)3.24H2O
1
71. Plaster of Paris Hemihydrate of calcium sulphate CaSO 4 . H 2 O
2
72. Pyrogallol Benzene-1, 2, 3-triol C6H3(OH)3
73. Pyrolusite Manganese dioxide MnO2
74. Quartz or silica Silicon dioxide SiO2
75. Quick lime Calcium oxide CaO
76. Quick silver Mercury Hg
77. Red lead Triplumbic tetroxide Pb3O4
78. Rock salt Sodium chloride NaCl
79. Rough Ferric oxide Fe2O3
80. Sal ammoniac Solid ammonium chloride NH4Cl
81. Sal volatile Solid ammonium carbonate (NH4)2CO3
82. Salt cake Anhydrous sodium sulphate Na2SO4
83. Salt petre Potassium nitrate KNO3
84. Siderite Ferrous carbonate FeCO3
85. Silica Silicon dioxide SiO2
86. Silica gel Hydrated silica SiO2, xH2O
87. Slaked lime Calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2
88. Soda ash Anhydrous sodium carbonate Na2CO3
89. Water glass Sodium dioxide containing Na2SiO3.SiO2
excess of silica
90. Super phosphate of lime Mixture of calcium dihydrogen Ca(H2PO4)2.H2O + 2CaSO4.2H2O
phosphate and calcium sulphate
91. Verdigris Basic copper acetate Cu(CH3COO)2
92. White lead Basic lead carbonate 2PbCO3.Pb(OH)2
93. White Vitriol Heptahydrate of zinc sulphate ZnSO4.7H2O
94. Washing soda Hydrated sodium carbonate Na2CO3.10H2O
95. Zincite Zinc oxide ZnO
96. Zinc blende Zinc sulphide ZnS
, VALENCY OF SOME COMMON BASIC AND ACIDIC RADICALS
Electrovalent positive ions (basic radicals)
Monovalent Divalent Trivalent
1. Ammonium NH4+ 1. Argentic [Silver(II)] Ag 2+ 1. Aluminium Al3+
2. Aurous [Gold (I)] Au + 2. Barium Ba2+ 2. Ferric [Iron (III)] Fe3+
3. Cuprous [Copper (I)] Cu+ 3. Calcium Ca2+ 3. Chromium Cr3+
4. Hydrogen H+ 4. Cupric [Copper(II)] Cu2+ 4. Auric [Gold (III)] Au 3+
5. Mercurous [Mercury (I)] Hg+ 5. Ferrous [Iron (II)] Fe2+ 5. Bismuth Bi3+
6. Potassium K+ 6. Magnesium Mg 2+ 6. Arsenic As 3+
7. Sodium Na+ 7. Mercuric [Mercury (II)] Hg2+
8. Argentous [Silver (I)] Ag + 8. Plumbous [Lead (II)] Pb2+ Tetravalent
9. Lithium Li+ 9. Stannous [Tin (II)] Sn2+ 1. Plumbic [Lead (IV)] Pb 4+
10. Zinc Zn2+ 2. Stannic [Tin (IV)] Sn4+
11. Platinous [Platinum (II)] Pt2+ 3. Platinic [Platinium (IV)] Pt4+
12. Nickel Ni2+
ELECTROVALENT NEGATIVE IONS (ACIDIC RADICALS)
Monovalent Divalent Trivalent
1. Acetate CH3COO– 1. Carbonate CO32– 1. Arsenate AsO43–
2. Bicarbonate or HCO3– 2. Dichromate Cr2O72– 2. Nitride N3–
Hydrogen carbonate
3. Bisulphide or HS– 3. Oxide O2– 3. Arsenite AsO33–
Hydrogen sulphide
4. Bisulphate or HSO4– 4. Peroxide O22– 4. Phosphide P3–
Hydrogen sulphate
5. Bisulphite or HSO3– 5. Sulphate SO42– 5. Phosphite PO33–
Hydrogen sulphite
6. Bromide Br– 6. Sulphite SO32– 6. Phosphate PO43–
7. Chloride Cl– 7. Sulphide S2– 7. Borate BO33–
8. Permanganate MnO4– 8. Silicate SiO32– 8. Aluminate AlO33–
9. Fluoride F– 9. Thiosulphate S2O32– Tetravalent
10. Hydride H– 10. Zincate ZnO22– 1. Carbide C4–
11. Hydroxide OH– 11. Plumbite PbO22– 2. Ferrocyanide Fe(CN)64–
12. Iodide I– 12. Stannate SnO32–
13. Cyanide CN– 13. Manganate MnO42–
14. Nitrate NO3– 14. Chromate CrO42–
15. Nitrite NO2– 15. Oxalate (COO)22–
16. Chlorite ClO2–
17. Hypochlorite ClO–
18. Chlorate ClO3–
19. Perchlorate ClO4–
20. Meta aluminate AlO2–
Table of Contents
Theory ................................................................................................................................... 5
Solved Examples .................................................................................................................. 25
Exercise - 1 : Basic Objective Questions ............................................................................. 49
Exercise - 2 : Previous Year JEE Mains Questions ............................................................... 57
Exercise - 3 : Advanced Objective Questions ..................................................................... 61
Exercise - 4 : Previous Year JEE Advanced Questions ........................................................ 72
Answer Key .......................................................................................................................... 79
, IMPORTANT INFORMATION
S.No. Common Name Chemical Name Formulae
1. Alum Hydrated double sulphate of K2SO4.Al2(SO4)3.24 H2O
potassium and aluminium
2. Alumina Aluminium oxide Al2O3
3. Ammonia water Ammonium hydroxide NH4OH
4. Angelsite Lead sulphate PbSO4
5. Aqua fortis Concentrated nitric acid HNO3
6. Aqua regia ..................................... 3HCl(Conc) + HNO3(Conc)
7. Azote gas Nitrogen N2
8. Azurite blue Basic copper carbonate 2CuCO3.Cu(OH)2
9. Baking Soda Sodium hydrogen carbonate NaHCO3
10. Baryta Barium Hydroxide Ba(OH)2
11. Basic lead acetate ...................................... Pb(OH)2Pb(CH3COO)2
12. Bauxite Dihydrate Aluminium oxide Al2O3.2H2O
13. Blue Vitriol Pentahydrate of cupric sulphate CuSO4.5H2O
14. Bleaching powder Calcium oxychloride or calcium CaOCl2 or Ca(OCl)Cl
(hypochlorite) chloride
15. Borax Sodium tetraborate Na2B4O7.10H2O
16. Brimstone Sulphur S
17. Brine or common salt Sodium Chloride NaCl
or rock salt
18. Cerusite Lead carbonate PbCO3
19. Chalk or limestone Calcium Carbonate CaCO3
20. Chile saltpetre of Caliche Sodium nitrate NaNO3
21. Cuprite or ruby copper Cuprous oxide Cu2O
22. Copper glance Copper sulphide Cu2S
23. Carnalite Potassium magnesium chloride KCl.MgCl2.6H2O
24. Calomel Mercurous chloride Hg2Cl2
25. Cane sugar or Beet sugar Sucrose C12H22O11
26. Calgon Sodium hexa-metaphosphate Na2[Na4(PO3)6]
27. Caustic soda Sodium hydroxide NaOH
28. Caustic potash Potassium hydroxide KOH
29. Calamine Zinc carbonate ZnCO3
30. Corundum Aluminium oxide Al2O3
31. Dead burnt gypsum Anhydrous calcium sulphate CaSO4
32. Diaspore Monohydrate aluminium oxide Al2O3.H2O
33. Dry ice Solid carbon dioxide CO2 (solid)
34. Epsom salt Heptahydrate of magnesium sulphate MgSO4.7H2O
35. Fluorspar Calcium fluoride CaF2
36. Galena Lead sulphide PbS
37. Glauber’s salt Hydrated sodium sulphate Na2SO4.10H2O
38. Green Vitriol Ferrous sulphate FeSO4.7H2O
39. Gypsum Calcium sulphate dihydrate CaSO4.2H2O
40. Hydrolith Calcium hydride CaH2
41. Hypo Sodium thiosulphate Na2S2O3.5H2O
42. Iron pyrites Iron disulphide FeS2
43. Laughing gas Dinitrogen oxide N2O
44. Limonite Hydrated ferric oxide Fe2O3.3H2O
45. Litharge Lead monoxide PbO
46. Lime Calcium oxide CaO
,47. Lime water or slaked lime Calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2
48. Lime stone or chalk or marble Calcium carbonate CaCO3
49. Lunar caustic Silver nitrate AgNO3
50. Magnetite Ferrosoferric oxide Fe3O4
51. Milk of lime Calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2
52. Milk of magnesia Magnesium hydroxide Mg(OH)2
53. Marsh gas Methane CH4
54. Malachite (green) Basic copper carbonate CuCO3.Cu(OH)2
55. Magnesia Magnesium oxide MgO
56. Magnesite Magnesium carbonate MgCO3
57. Mohr’s salt Ferrous ammonium sulphate (NH4)2SO4 FeSO4.6H2O
hexahydrate
58. Muriatic acid Hydrochloric acid HCl
59. Nessler’s reagent Potassium tetra-idomercurate K2[Hg I4]
60. Nitre Potassium nitrate KNO3
61. Nitre cake Sodium hydrogen sulphate NaHSO4
62. Nitrolim Calcium cyanamide plus carbon CaCN2 + C
63. Nitrate of lime (Nitrolime) Basic calcium nitrate Ca(NO3)2.CaO
64. Oil of Vitriol Concentrated Sulphuric acid H2SO4
65. Oleum Pyrosulphuric acid H2S2O7
66. Pearl ash Potassium carbonate K2CO3
67. Philosopher’s wool Zinc oxide ZnO
68. Phosgene Carbonyl chloride COCl2
69. Potash Potassium carbonate K2CO3
70. Potash alum Potassium aluminium sulphate K2SO4.Al2(SO4)3.24H2O
1
71. Plaster of Paris Hemihydrate of calcium sulphate CaSO 4 . H 2 O
2
72. Pyrogallol Benzene-1, 2, 3-triol C6H3(OH)3
73. Pyrolusite Manganese dioxide MnO2
74. Quartz or silica Silicon dioxide SiO2
75. Quick lime Calcium oxide CaO
76. Quick silver Mercury Hg
77. Red lead Triplumbic tetroxide Pb3O4
78. Rock salt Sodium chloride NaCl
79. Rough Ferric oxide Fe2O3
80. Sal ammoniac Solid ammonium chloride NH4Cl
81. Sal volatile Solid ammonium carbonate (NH4)2CO3
82. Salt cake Anhydrous sodium sulphate Na2SO4
83. Salt petre Potassium nitrate KNO3
84. Siderite Ferrous carbonate FeCO3
85. Silica Silicon dioxide SiO2
86. Silica gel Hydrated silica SiO2, xH2O
87. Slaked lime Calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2
88. Soda ash Anhydrous sodium carbonate Na2CO3
89. Water glass Sodium dioxide containing Na2SiO3.SiO2
excess of silica
90. Super phosphate of lime Mixture of calcium dihydrogen Ca(H2PO4)2.H2O + 2CaSO4.2H2O
phosphate and calcium sulphate
91. Verdigris Basic copper acetate Cu(CH3COO)2
92. White lead Basic lead carbonate 2PbCO3.Pb(OH)2
93. White Vitriol Heptahydrate of zinc sulphate ZnSO4.7H2O
94. Washing soda Hydrated sodium carbonate Na2CO3.10H2O
95. Zincite Zinc oxide ZnO
96. Zinc blende Zinc sulphide ZnS
, VALENCY OF SOME COMMON BASIC AND ACIDIC RADICALS
Electrovalent positive ions (basic radicals)
Monovalent Divalent Trivalent
1. Ammonium NH4+ 1. Argentic [Silver(II)] Ag 2+ 1. Aluminium Al3+
2. Aurous [Gold (I)] Au + 2. Barium Ba2+ 2. Ferric [Iron (III)] Fe3+
3. Cuprous [Copper (I)] Cu+ 3. Calcium Ca2+ 3. Chromium Cr3+
4. Hydrogen H+ 4. Cupric [Copper(II)] Cu2+ 4. Auric [Gold (III)] Au 3+
5. Mercurous [Mercury (I)] Hg+ 5. Ferrous [Iron (II)] Fe2+ 5. Bismuth Bi3+
6. Potassium K+ 6. Magnesium Mg 2+ 6. Arsenic As 3+
7. Sodium Na+ 7. Mercuric [Mercury (II)] Hg2+
8. Argentous [Silver (I)] Ag + 8. Plumbous [Lead (II)] Pb2+ Tetravalent
9. Lithium Li+ 9. Stannous [Tin (II)] Sn2+ 1. Plumbic [Lead (IV)] Pb 4+
10. Zinc Zn2+ 2. Stannic [Tin (IV)] Sn4+
11. Platinous [Platinum (II)] Pt2+ 3. Platinic [Platinium (IV)] Pt4+
12. Nickel Ni2+
ELECTROVALENT NEGATIVE IONS (ACIDIC RADICALS)
Monovalent Divalent Trivalent
1. Acetate CH3COO– 1. Carbonate CO32– 1. Arsenate AsO43–
2. Bicarbonate or HCO3– 2. Dichromate Cr2O72– 2. Nitride N3–
Hydrogen carbonate
3. Bisulphide or HS– 3. Oxide O2– 3. Arsenite AsO33–
Hydrogen sulphide
4. Bisulphate or HSO4– 4. Peroxide O22– 4. Phosphide P3–
Hydrogen sulphate
5. Bisulphite or HSO3– 5. Sulphate SO42– 5. Phosphite PO33–
Hydrogen sulphite
6. Bromide Br– 6. Sulphite SO32– 6. Phosphate PO43–
7. Chloride Cl– 7. Sulphide S2– 7. Borate BO33–
8. Permanganate MnO4– 8. Silicate SiO32– 8. Aluminate AlO33–
9. Fluoride F– 9. Thiosulphate S2O32– Tetravalent
10. Hydride H– 10. Zincate ZnO22– 1. Carbide C4–
11. Hydroxide OH– 11. Plumbite PbO22– 2. Ferrocyanide Fe(CN)64–
12. Iodide I– 12. Stannate SnO32–
13. Cyanide CN– 13. Manganate MnO42–
14. Nitrate NO3– 14. Chromate CrO42–
15. Nitrite NO2– 15. Oxalate (COO)22–
16. Chlorite ClO2–
17. Hypochlorite ClO–
18. Chlorate ClO3–
19. Perchlorate ClO4–
20. Meta aluminate AlO2–
