Psychology Midterm Assignment 2025

Erikson's Main Theory - -development is a series of crises, influenced by inherited social drives as well as primitive biological drives, eight psychological stages, each associated with a different crisis that needs to be resolved, describe development (not how development takes place) Erik Erikson - -German with Danish parents, trained as an artist and moved to Vienna, studied psychoanalysis with Freud's daughter, development crises theory Newborn Crisis - -basic trust verses mistrust, is my social world supportive and predictable, infants need to know their basic needs will be met, unavoidable sense of abandonment and hunger First Psychological Strength - -hope Consequences of Newborn Crisis - -if a sense of hope or trust isn't established, later in life these individuals will have trouble trusting and developing social ties, risk of addiction Toddler Crisis - -age 1-3, autonomy verses shame and doubt, can I do it by myself, gains in muscular maturation, locomotion, and verbalization allow children to believe they can do it themselves, Goal for Toddler stage - -gain a sense of self control, self-confidence, and free will Consequences of Toddler Crises - -if over controlled, the child will have trouble gaining a sense of self control, which can cause a sense of doubt or shame, can lead to either compulsive compliance or impulsive defiance, later in like can have excessive worrying and having trouble receiving criticism from others Preschool Crisis - -ages 3-6 (play age), initiative vs. guilt, am I good or bad, child begins to comprehend his expected role in the adult world and plays out roles, develops a sense of initiative and development of a conscious, sense of guilt over goals contemplated and acts done, initiated or merely fantasized Goal of Preschool Crisis - -develop courage, envision tangible goals, guided by conscience, not paralyzed by guilt and fear of punishment School Age Crisis - -ages 6-12, school begins to replace play, danger of this stage is feeling inadequate or incompetent, which may discourage them from further learning Goal of School Age Crisis - -develop a sense of competence avoiding a sense of inferiority Psychology Psychology Adolescence Crises - -identity verses role identity confusion, as I shift from the judgement of my parents to the judgement of my peers, I ask "Who am I and how will I spend my life?", begin to see themselves as part of the world outside of their family, tension with parents, want to be independent but still need support from their parents, struggle to establish a sense of individual identity Possibilities of an Adolescent - -passively accept the roles defined by their parents, can experiment with several roles, or delay resolving the identity crises Personal Fable - -youths perceive they are special and what applies for everyone else is not true for them, supports an optimistic look on life but can lead to unhealthy risk-taking behaviors Young Adulthood Crises - -intimacy verse isolation, will I find someone to share my feelings, my love, my life, advantages of solitary life (no need to make sacrifices) and the rewards accompanying loving relationships Intimacy - -the capacity to make a full commitment- sexual, emotional, and moral- to another person, comes with sacrifice, failure to achieve intimacy leads to a lifelong sense of isolation even if surrounded by others Middle Adulthood Crises - -generativity verses stagnation, will I succeed in life, both as a parent and with my career, forced to make a mid-life transition, can you accept life as it is, can lead to either generatively or stagnation Generativity - -a sense of contributing to the next generation Stagnation - -a sense of boredom and meaninglessness Late Life Crises - -ego integrity verses despair, was my life meaningful or were there missed opportunities, looking back on your life, anticipating death will you be able to maintain a sense of dignity, may lead to despair, a helpless and bitter sense that life has been incomplete and unfair Early Attachment - -a long term feeling of closeness or an emotional bond between people, such as child and caregiver 1950's early attachment theory - -early attachment came about through caregiver (usually a mother) filling basic biological needs such as feeding, the quality of this attachment would affect social relationships later in life Contact Comfort - -comfortable skin sensations, were more important than feeding in the jokey experiment Psychology Psychology Basic Premise of Attachment Theory - -infants who develop one or more good attachments have a sense of security and safety, return to caregivers when distressed but explore the world, attachments being in infancy, those without strong attachments have trouble developing close relationships as adults, development of attachment does not require constant attentions Strange Situation Test - -evaluate relationships between child and mother, child and father, child and grandparent, or other relationships, quality of one relationship predicts the quality of other relationships, doesn't work after 18 months because children aren't distressed by a stranger's presence, children don't fit neatly into one category Temperament - -the social and emotional dispositions or tendencies to respond vigorously, nervously, or quietly to new experiences, app