NUR 239 Exam 2 Blueprint questions and answers

NUR 239 Exam 2 Blueprint questions and
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answers

signs of local inflammation - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔heat,
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redness, swelling, pain, loss of function|\ |\ |\ |\ |\




vascular stage of inflammation - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔-
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compromised of ^ blood flow and vascular permeability |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\




- Involves microcirculation (arterioles, capillaries, venules)
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- Process begins with Brief vasoconstriction of arterioles
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immediately following injury |\ |\




- Followed by vasodilation of arterioles, capillary beds ↑
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permeability of microcirculation |\ |\




|\ - Vasodilation = redness & heat
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↑ capillary permeability >leaking of fluid (exudate) = swelling,
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pain, loss of function
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- Acts to dilute toxins/chemicals, enhances clot formation, recruits
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WBCs to area
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|\ - Localizes spread of microbes
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- Aided by histamine, bradykinin, prostaglandins, other chemical
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mediators |\




|\ - Fibrin helps with clotting
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cellular stage of inflammation - CORRECT ANSWERS
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✔✔Endothelial cell activation |\ |\

,1) Margination (accumulation of WBCs), adhesion of WBCs to
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endothelium
2) Transmigration of WBCs across endothelium
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3) Chemotaxis (cell migration)
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4) Activation and phagocytosis
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- Process of phagocytosis = agents adhere to WBCs cell
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membrane; neutrophils, macrophages |\ |\




- Opsonization of microbes [coating antigen with antibodies]
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makes recognition by neutrophils and adherence easier
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- WBCs engulfs agent, digested by enzymes in lysosome
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- Free radicals also cause damage to surrounding tissue
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- Other cells: platelets, mast cells, fibroblasts, other WBCs.
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types of exudate - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔- serous: watery,
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plasma fluid, low in protein |\ |\ |\ |\




- hemorrhagic: severe injury, RBCs
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membranous or |\




- pseudomembranous: on mucous membranes, necrotic cells,
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fibrin and purulent exudate
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- purulent/suppurative: pus, degraded WBCs, proteins, debris
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acute compared to chronic inflammation - CORRECT ANSWERS
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✔✔acute: rapid onset, shorter duration, fluid, plasma proteins,
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vascular stage, |\




cellular stage, phagocytosis by neutrophils
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, signs and symptoms of systemic inflammatory response -
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CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Fever |\ |\




High WBC, ESR, CRP, fibrinogen
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Fatigue
Malaise, anorexia, somnolence |\ |\




Increased heart rate |\ |\




wound healing: primary/secondary intention - CORRECT ANSWERS
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✔✔- Primary Intention: wound edges approximated and held
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together
Granulation tissue grows across and epithelialization |\ |\ |\ |\ |\




Clean wound that can be closed
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Less scar tissue
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Sutured closed incision, small cut, puncture wounds
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|\ - Secondary Intention: wound left open
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Greater loss of tissue, contamination, necrotic debris, exudate
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Fills with granulation tissue from sides at bottom
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Slower process |\




More scar tissue |\ |\




Infected wounds/wounds with edges that cannot be pulled
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together
Burns, trauma, pressure injuries (ulcers)
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phases of wound healing - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔1)
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Inflammatory Phase: starts with injury and lasts 2-5 days |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\




Immediate vasoconstriction followed by vasodilation |\ |\ |\ |\