NRNP 6501 Advanced Pathophysiology – Midterm
Practice Exam Questions and Correct Answers (Verified
Answers) Plus Rationales 2025
1. What is the most common cause of cell injury?
• Viral infection
• Nutritional deficiency
• Hypoxia
• Autoimmunity
Hypoxia deprives cells of oxygen, impairing oxidative metabolism
and ATP production, making it the most common cause of cell
injury.
2. Apoptosis is best described as:
• Pathologic cell death
• Necrosis with inflammation
• Programmed cell death without inflammation
• Accidental cell lysis
Apoptosis is a genetically programmed process that removes
damaged or unnecessary cells without triggering inflammation.
3. Which organelle is primarily responsible for ATP production?
,• Golgi apparatus
• Mitochondria
• Endoplasmic reticulum
• Lysosome
Mitochondria are the "powerhouses" of the cell, generating ATP
through oxidative phosphorylation.
4. What process is activated during hypoxic injury?
• Lysosomal activation
• Anaerobic glycolysis
• Oxidative phosphorylation
• Fatty acid oxidation
In hypoxia, cells shift to anaerobic glycolysis to generate ATP in
the absence of oxygen.
5. What is the hallmark of reversible cellular injury?
• DNA fragmentation
• Karyolysis
• Cellular swelling
• Mitochondrial rupture
Reversible injury is often marked by cellular swelling due to ATP
depletion and failure of ion pumps.
6. Which cytokine is a major mediator of the acute phase response?
,• IL-10
• IL-6
• TGF-β
• IL-2
IL-6 is key in stimulating liver production of acute phase proteins
such as CRP.
7. Which type of necrosis is commonly seen in myocardial infarction?
• Liquefactive
• Caseous
• Coagulative
• Fat
Coagulative necrosis is typical in ischemic injury to solid organs
like the heart.
8. What type of hypersensitivity reaction involves immune complex
deposition?
• Type I
• Type II
• Type III
• Type IV
Type III hypersensitivity involves antigen-antibody complexes
depositing in tissues, causing inflammation.
, 9. What is the primary immune cell involved in Type IV hypersensitivity?
• T lymphocyte
• B lymphocyte
• Mast cell
• Eosinophil
Type IV (delayed) hypersensitivity is T-cell mediated, such as in
contact dermatitis.
10.Which organ is the primary site for hematopoiesis in adults?
• Liver
• Thymus
• Bone marrow
• Spleen
In adults, bone marrow is the central site for production of blood
cells.
11.Which immunoglobulin is responsible for mucosal immunity?
• IgG
• IgA
• IgE
• IgM
IgA is found in secretions like saliva, tears, and mucus, protecting
mucosal surfaces.
Practice Exam Questions and Correct Answers (Verified
Answers) Plus Rationales 2025
1. What is the most common cause of cell injury?
• Viral infection
• Nutritional deficiency
• Hypoxia
• Autoimmunity
Hypoxia deprives cells of oxygen, impairing oxidative metabolism
and ATP production, making it the most common cause of cell
injury.
2. Apoptosis is best described as:
• Pathologic cell death
• Necrosis with inflammation
• Programmed cell death without inflammation
• Accidental cell lysis
Apoptosis is a genetically programmed process that removes
damaged or unnecessary cells without triggering inflammation.
3. Which organelle is primarily responsible for ATP production?
,• Golgi apparatus
• Mitochondria
• Endoplasmic reticulum
• Lysosome
Mitochondria are the "powerhouses" of the cell, generating ATP
through oxidative phosphorylation.
4. What process is activated during hypoxic injury?
• Lysosomal activation
• Anaerobic glycolysis
• Oxidative phosphorylation
• Fatty acid oxidation
In hypoxia, cells shift to anaerobic glycolysis to generate ATP in
the absence of oxygen.
5. What is the hallmark of reversible cellular injury?
• DNA fragmentation
• Karyolysis
• Cellular swelling
• Mitochondrial rupture
Reversible injury is often marked by cellular swelling due to ATP
depletion and failure of ion pumps.
6. Which cytokine is a major mediator of the acute phase response?
,• IL-10
• IL-6
• TGF-β
• IL-2
IL-6 is key in stimulating liver production of acute phase proteins
such as CRP.
7. Which type of necrosis is commonly seen in myocardial infarction?
• Liquefactive
• Caseous
• Coagulative
• Fat
Coagulative necrosis is typical in ischemic injury to solid organs
like the heart.
8. What type of hypersensitivity reaction involves immune complex
deposition?
• Type I
• Type II
• Type III
• Type IV
Type III hypersensitivity involves antigen-antibody complexes
depositing in tissues, causing inflammation.
, 9. What is the primary immune cell involved in Type IV hypersensitivity?
• T lymphocyte
• B lymphocyte
• Mast cell
• Eosinophil
Type IV (delayed) hypersensitivity is T-cell mediated, such as in
contact dermatitis.
10.Which organ is the primary site for hematopoiesis in adults?
• Liver
• Thymus
• Bone marrow
• Spleen
In adults, bone marrow is the central site for production of blood
cells.
11.Which immunoglobulin is responsible for mucosal immunity?
• IgG
• IgA
• IgE
• IgM
IgA is found in secretions like saliva, tears, and mucus, protecting
mucosal surfaces.
