6/20/25, 5:27 AM
Advanced Medical Surgical Nursing Final Review\\2025-2026
UPDATE/PRACTICE QUESTIONS AND CORRECT VERIFIED
ANSWERS (complete solutions) ASSURED SUCCESS/GRADED A+!!
Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) Metabolic acidosis from fat breakdown due to insulin deficiency.
Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic Severe hyperglycemia without significant ketoacidosis.
State (HHS)
Blood Glucose (BG) Level Critical threshold for DKA diagnosis is >250 mg/dL.
Ketonuria Presence of ketones in urine indicating fat metabolism.
Anion Gap Measure of acid-base balance; high indicates acidosis.
Fluid Replacement Primary treatment for DKA; isotonic NS used.
Electrolyte Imbalances Common in DKA; correction is crucial for treatment.
Insulin Administration IV insulin is critical for managing DKA.
Ventricular Rate Determined by counting beats in a 6-second strip.
Tachycardia Heart rate exceeding normal range; >100 bpm.
1st Degree Heart Block Monitor; usually asymptomatic, requires observation.
Wenckebach; may require atropine IVP.
2nd Degree Block Type 1
2nd Degree Block Type 2 Mobitz; may need atropine IVP or pacemaker.
Complete block; requires
transcutaneous pacemaker.
3rd Degree Heart Block
Supraventricular Tachycardia Rapid heart rate; treat with vagal maneuvers.
(SVT)
Adenosine IVP Medication for SVT if vagal maneuvers fail.
Synchronized Cardioversion Used for unstable SVT; defibrillator pads applied.
Lethal Dysrhythmia Immediate CPR and defibrillation required.
Life-threatening arrhythmia;
requires immediate defibrillation.
Ventricular Fibrillation
1/7
, 6/20/25, 10:36 AM Advanced Medical Surgical Nursing Final Review
Stable Angina Chest pain during activity; no permanent heart damage.
Ischemia Reduced blood flow causing tissue oxygen deprivation.
Coronary Arteries Blood vessels supplying the heart muscle.
Angina Chest pain related to coronary heart disease.
Narrowing of coronary arteries
affecting blood flow.
Coronary Artery Disease
(CAD)
Ischemia Lack of oxygen to myocardial cells.
Myocardial Infarction (MI) Irreversible damage to heart tissue from oxygen deprivation.
Troponin Best cardiac marker for diagnosing myocardial infarction.
Nitroglycerine Medication used to relieve angina and chest pain.
MONA Treatment for MI: Morphine, Oxygen, Nitrates, Aspirin.
Reperfusion Therapy Restores blood flow to heart muscle post-MI.
Fibrinolytics Clot-busting medication administered during MI.
Surgical procedure to improve
blood flow to heart.
Coronary Artery Bypass
Grafting (CABG)
Continuous ECG Monitoring Ongoing heart rhythm observation post-CABG.
Post CABG Assessments Monitor BP, vitals, and cardiac status closely.
Pleural Effusion Fluid accumulation between lung and chest wall.
Jugular Vein Distension (JVD) Increased JVD indicates hypervolemia or fluid overload.
Metoprolol Beta blocker used for hypertension and angina.
Bradycardia Abnormally slow heart rate, often a side effect.
Hypotension Low blood pressure, can occur with beta blockers.
Acute Myocardial Infarction Emergency condition requiring immediate medical intervention.
Chest Tube Output Monitoring fluid output post-surgery for complications.
Pulmonary Hygiene Techniques to maintain lung function after extubation.
Early Mobility Encouraged post-surgery to prevent complications.
Wound Care Essential to prevent infection post-surgery.
Mechanical valves Require lifelong anticoagulation therapy for patients.
Heart chambers Four chambers: two atria and two ventricles.
Heart valves Ensure unidirectional blood flow through chambers.
Anticoagulant drugs Given during hospitalization, require post-discharge monitoring.
INR International normalized ratio for blood coagulation monitoring.
Valve stenosis Stiffness of heart valves affecting blood flow.
Valve regurgitation Leaky valves causing backward blood flow.
Cardiogenic shock Condition due to decreased cardiac output (CO).
Vital signs Regular monitoring essential in cardiogenic shock.
2/7
Advanced Medical Surgical Nursing Final Review\\2025-2026
UPDATE/PRACTICE QUESTIONS AND CORRECT VERIFIED
ANSWERS (complete solutions) ASSURED SUCCESS/GRADED A+!!
Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) Metabolic acidosis from fat breakdown due to insulin deficiency.
Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic Severe hyperglycemia without significant ketoacidosis.
State (HHS)
Blood Glucose (BG) Level Critical threshold for DKA diagnosis is >250 mg/dL.
Ketonuria Presence of ketones in urine indicating fat metabolism.
Anion Gap Measure of acid-base balance; high indicates acidosis.
Fluid Replacement Primary treatment for DKA; isotonic NS used.
Electrolyte Imbalances Common in DKA; correction is crucial for treatment.
Insulin Administration IV insulin is critical for managing DKA.
Ventricular Rate Determined by counting beats in a 6-second strip.
Tachycardia Heart rate exceeding normal range; >100 bpm.
1st Degree Heart Block Monitor; usually asymptomatic, requires observation.
Wenckebach; may require atropine IVP.
2nd Degree Block Type 1
2nd Degree Block Type 2 Mobitz; may need atropine IVP or pacemaker.
Complete block; requires
transcutaneous pacemaker.
3rd Degree Heart Block
Supraventricular Tachycardia Rapid heart rate; treat with vagal maneuvers.
(SVT)
Adenosine IVP Medication for SVT if vagal maneuvers fail.
Synchronized Cardioversion Used for unstable SVT; defibrillator pads applied.
Lethal Dysrhythmia Immediate CPR and defibrillation required.
Life-threatening arrhythmia;
requires immediate defibrillation.
Ventricular Fibrillation
1/7
, 6/20/25, 10:36 AM Advanced Medical Surgical Nursing Final Review
Stable Angina Chest pain during activity; no permanent heart damage.
Ischemia Reduced blood flow causing tissue oxygen deprivation.
Coronary Arteries Blood vessels supplying the heart muscle.
Angina Chest pain related to coronary heart disease.
Narrowing of coronary arteries
affecting blood flow.
Coronary Artery Disease
(CAD)
Ischemia Lack of oxygen to myocardial cells.
Myocardial Infarction (MI) Irreversible damage to heart tissue from oxygen deprivation.
Troponin Best cardiac marker for diagnosing myocardial infarction.
Nitroglycerine Medication used to relieve angina and chest pain.
MONA Treatment for MI: Morphine, Oxygen, Nitrates, Aspirin.
Reperfusion Therapy Restores blood flow to heart muscle post-MI.
Fibrinolytics Clot-busting medication administered during MI.
Surgical procedure to improve
blood flow to heart.
Coronary Artery Bypass
Grafting (CABG)
Continuous ECG Monitoring Ongoing heart rhythm observation post-CABG.
Post CABG Assessments Monitor BP, vitals, and cardiac status closely.
Pleural Effusion Fluid accumulation between lung and chest wall.
Jugular Vein Distension (JVD) Increased JVD indicates hypervolemia or fluid overload.
Metoprolol Beta blocker used for hypertension and angina.
Bradycardia Abnormally slow heart rate, often a side effect.
Hypotension Low blood pressure, can occur with beta blockers.
Acute Myocardial Infarction Emergency condition requiring immediate medical intervention.
Chest Tube Output Monitoring fluid output post-surgery for complications.
Pulmonary Hygiene Techniques to maintain lung function after extubation.
Early Mobility Encouraged post-surgery to prevent complications.
Wound Care Essential to prevent infection post-surgery.
Mechanical valves Require lifelong anticoagulation therapy for patients.
Heart chambers Four chambers: two atria and two ventricles.
Heart valves Ensure unidirectional blood flow through chambers.
Anticoagulant drugs Given during hospitalization, require post-discharge monitoring.
INR International normalized ratio for blood coagulation monitoring.
Valve stenosis Stiffness of heart valves affecting blood flow.
Valve regurgitation Leaky valves causing backward blood flow.
Cardiogenic shock Condition due to decreased cardiac output (CO).
Vital signs Regular monitoring essential in cardiogenic shock.
2/7
