PSYC 228 FINAL EXAM NEWEST 2024 ACTUAL EXAM COMPLETE 800 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED
ANSWERS
Unit 1: Chapter 1 & 2
1: Briefly describe the five key issues associated with the understanding of human development. Of the
five issues, which ones do you find most compelling and why? - (answer) - 1: Nature vs Nurture: Nature
is that we think of as pre-wiring and is influenced by genetic in heritance and other biological factors.
Nurture is generally taken as the influence of external factors after conception: example the product of
exposure, life experiences and learning on an individual.
Nature: genes and hereditary factors, physical appearance, personality characteristics.
Nurture: Environment variables, childhood eUxperiences how we are raised by social relationships,
surrounding culture.
- 2: Continuity and discontinuity: Continuity view says that change is gradual. Characteristics or features
of an individual that stays the same as person matures through the lifespan. (ex: thinking talking, acting)
The discontinuity view sees development as more of changes that produce different behaviors in
different age-specific life periods called stages. Discontinuity view believes that people go through the
same stages the same order but not necessarily the same rate.
3: Development stability & instability: Everyone develops at the same rate.
Development instability: Individuals are developing changing in different ways compared with one
another. (Different rate than their peers).
4: Normative events vs non-normative events: Normative events refer to something that affects
everyone in a culture at the same time or an incident that matches the sequential and historical events
shared by the majority of people.
Non- Normative event an incident that not happens to everyone or that happens at a different time than
typically experienced by others.
5: Socio-cultural variation: Socio-cultural factors include:
· Gender: Expectations that a given culture associates with a person's biological sex.
· Race: A way of categorizing humans that typically focuses on physical traits.
· Ethnicity: A specific set of physical, cultural,
2: Describe the psychodynamic approach on human development. Compare and contrast the
psychoanalytic theory of Sigmund Freud with the psychosocial theory of Erik Erikson. - (answer) -
Sigmung freud and his student Erickson introduced the first psychodynamics theories and the idea that
human growth and motivation and progression are through universal and developmental stages it also
stresses early life experiences in shaping and determining adult personality and behavior.
,PSYC 228 FINAL EXAM NEWEST 2024 ACTUAL EXAM COMPLETE 800 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED
ANSWERS
- Levels of consciousness. Freud compared the mind to an iceberg. Only about one tenth of our mind is
conscious and rest of the mind is unconscious. Unacceptable urges and desires are kept in our
unconscious through a process called repression. He thinks our personality develops from a conflict
between two forces: Our biological aggressive and pleasure seeking drives versus or internal (socialized )
control over their drives.
Theory of psychosexual development: Freud believed that personality develops during early childhood.
And if we do not have proper nurturing and parenting during a stage we will be stuck or fixated
(obsessed with) in that stage, even as adult.
Oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital
- Erik Erickson ( Psychosocial theory eight stages)
In each stage conflicting ideas must be resolved in order for a person to be confident. Failure to master
these will lead to a deficiency in feelings.
1: Infancy: 0-1 : trust (mistrust)-> mother and caregiver-> resecure-> hope: trust and confidence.
2: Early childhood: 2-3-> Autonomy (doubt, shame) -> parents -> be independent -> will: Use and
exercise freedom and self retraint.
3: Childhood: 4-6 -> initiative (guilt) - basic family -> be powerful -> Purpose and distinction -> Ability to
intimate own activities, pressure goals.
4: Childhood: 7-12 -> industry (inferiority) -> neighborhood (school) -> be good -> Competence in
intellectual, social and physical skills.
5: Adolescence: 113- 19-> identity (role confusion) -> peer groups -> fit into adult world.. of who am I? ->
Fidelity a
3: Describe the cognitive perspective on human development. Compare and contrast the Piaget's theory
of cognitive development with Vgotsky's. How do these theories differ from the information processing
approach to cognition? - (answer) - Cognitive perspectives focus on how our thinking develops.
Jean Piaget theory: Children construct on understanding of the world around them, then experience
what they already know and what they discover in their environment.
- 3 basic components to his cognitive theory:
· Schemas (building blocks of knowledge) Organized patterns of thinking that our experience in the
world. Ex: babies have initiate schemas like sucking thumb. These reflexes are already programmed in us.
· Viewed intellectual growth: (Assimilation)- using an existing knowledge (schema) to deal with new
object or situation. (Accommodation)- This happens when existing schema does not walk and change to
deal with new object or situation.
,PSYC 228 FINAL EXAM NEWEST 2024 ACTUAL EXAM COMPLETE 800 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED
ANSWERS
· And turns into equilibrium.
- 4 Stages of cognitive development: ( intellectual development)
1: Sensorimotor: Birth to age 2 during this stage is object permance knowing that object still exists, even
If its hidden. Children at this age play with their food.
2: Preoperational stage (2-7) thinks about things symbolically. Thinking is still self-interested; infant has
difficulty taking viewpoints of others. Ex: Children often believe moon follows them.
3: Concrete operational stage (7-11) major turning point in child cognitive development because marks
beginning of logical thought. Child can work out things in head. Ex: Begin question existence of santa.
4: Formal orientation stage ( 11 years and over) starts at 11 lasts into adulthood. Ex: Children show great
concern for physical appearance.
- Lev Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development. In contrast to piaget who believed all of us progress
through the same stages of development in much the same order, Vygotsky viewed a child's unique
social world as the main influence on cognitive change. Vygotsky theory is sociocultural theory with view
that human development as a
4: Describe the behavioral perspective on human development. Discuss the three types of behavioral
learning mechanisms. How do they differ? How are they the same? - (answer) - 1: Classical
conditioning: Classical conditioning helps us to understand how our responses to one situation become
attached to new situations. For example a smell might remind us of time when we were a kid. Classical
conditioning explains how we develop many of our emotional responses to people, events or "gut level"
reactions to situations. Now situations may bring out an old response because the two have become
connected. "Pavlov" for classical conditioning: was interested in studying digestion.
- A "learned" response is called " conditioned" response"
- Conditioned stimulus: Something that triggers.
- One is natural ( unconditioned)
Watson and Behaviorism: He believed that most of our fears and other emotional responses are
classically conditioned. He believed that parents could be thought to help shape their children's behavior
and tried to demonstrate the power of classical conditioning with his famous experiment of rat and
Albert child.
2: Operant conditioning: Is another learning theory that implies a more conscious type of learning than
that of classical conditioning. A person (or animal) does something to see what effects it might bring.
Operant conditioning describes how we repeat behaviors because they pay off for us. Skinner and
reinforcement: Skinner believed that we learn best when our actions are reinforced (the outcome could
be good ex: child cleaning room could get a cookie and more likely to do it again than a child who is gone
, PSYC 228 FINAL EXAM NEWEST 2024 ACTUAL EXAM COMPLETE 800 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED
ANSWERS
unnoticed.) Positive and negative reinforcement: Positive reinforcement involves adding something to
the situation in order to encourage a behavior ex: of cleaning room. Negative reinforcement would be
children whining and parents give them something to stop. There are both negative and positive form of
reinforcement and punishments. In operant conditioning the term positive
5: Describe the evolution-based perspectives on development and briefly compare them to the previous
three perspectives. How is it is different? Describe the developmental systems perspective and its four
major assumptions. - (answer) - The evolutionary perspective of personality and individual proposes
that our personalities and individual differences have evolved in the past to provide us with some form
of adaptive advantage in the content of survival and production. 4 major assumptions are:
1: Human development occurs throughout the life span from birth through death.
2: Human development shapes and is shaped by intersections between people and the contents in
which the live including family and community.
3: Lifespan human development is not static across time, but varies in different historical periods.
4: Normal human development is diverse; there is great normal variation in the way people change
across the lifespan.
6: Describe the scientific method and why it is important. What is the difference between applied
research and basic research? What is the difference between quantitative data and qualitative data?
How is exploratory research different from descriptive research? - (answer) - The scientific method is
the specific procedure researchers use to ask and explore scientific questions in a way that makes
connections between observations and leads to understanding. Developmental researchers gather and
interpret information using the scientific method and steps in the research process to describe, explain,
and optimize human development across the lifespan.
Step 1: Select topic
Step 2: Focus question
Step 3: Design study
Step 4: Collect data
Step 5: Analyze data
Step 6: Interpret Data
Step 7: Mobilize Knowledge
- Basic research is a research designed to create fundamental knowledge about the world
ANSWERS
Unit 1: Chapter 1 & 2
1: Briefly describe the five key issues associated with the understanding of human development. Of the
five issues, which ones do you find most compelling and why? - (answer) - 1: Nature vs Nurture: Nature
is that we think of as pre-wiring and is influenced by genetic in heritance and other biological factors.
Nurture is generally taken as the influence of external factors after conception: example the product of
exposure, life experiences and learning on an individual.
Nature: genes and hereditary factors, physical appearance, personality characteristics.
Nurture: Environment variables, childhood eUxperiences how we are raised by social relationships,
surrounding culture.
- 2: Continuity and discontinuity: Continuity view says that change is gradual. Characteristics or features
of an individual that stays the same as person matures through the lifespan. (ex: thinking talking, acting)
The discontinuity view sees development as more of changes that produce different behaviors in
different age-specific life periods called stages. Discontinuity view believes that people go through the
same stages the same order but not necessarily the same rate.
3: Development stability & instability: Everyone develops at the same rate.
Development instability: Individuals are developing changing in different ways compared with one
another. (Different rate than their peers).
4: Normative events vs non-normative events: Normative events refer to something that affects
everyone in a culture at the same time or an incident that matches the sequential and historical events
shared by the majority of people.
Non- Normative event an incident that not happens to everyone or that happens at a different time than
typically experienced by others.
5: Socio-cultural variation: Socio-cultural factors include:
· Gender: Expectations that a given culture associates with a person's biological sex.
· Race: A way of categorizing humans that typically focuses on physical traits.
· Ethnicity: A specific set of physical, cultural,
2: Describe the psychodynamic approach on human development. Compare and contrast the
psychoanalytic theory of Sigmund Freud with the psychosocial theory of Erik Erikson. - (answer) -
Sigmung freud and his student Erickson introduced the first psychodynamics theories and the idea that
human growth and motivation and progression are through universal and developmental stages it also
stresses early life experiences in shaping and determining adult personality and behavior.
,PSYC 228 FINAL EXAM NEWEST 2024 ACTUAL EXAM COMPLETE 800 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED
ANSWERS
- Levels of consciousness. Freud compared the mind to an iceberg. Only about one tenth of our mind is
conscious and rest of the mind is unconscious. Unacceptable urges and desires are kept in our
unconscious through a process called repression. He thinks our personality develops from a conflict
between two forces: Our biological aggressive and pleasure seeking drives versus or internal (socialized )
control over their drives.
Theory of psychosexual development: Freud believed that personality develops during early childhood.
And if we do not have proper nurturing and parenting during a stage we will be stuck or fixated
(obsessed with) in that stage, even as adult.
Oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital
- Erik Erickson ( Psychosocial theory eight stages)
In each stage conflicting ideas must be resolved in order for a person to be confident. Failure to master
these will lead to a deficiency in feelings.
1: Infancy: 0-1 : trust (mistrust)-> mother and caregiver-> resecure-> hope: trust and confidence.
2: Early childhood: 2-3-> Autonomy (doubt, shame) -> parents -> be independent -> will: Use and
exercise freedom and self retraint.
3: Childhood: 4-6 -> initiative (guilt) - basic family -> be powerful -> Purpose and distinction -> Ability to
intimate own activities, pressure goals.
4: Childhood: 7-12 -> industry (inferiority) -> neighborhood (school) -> be good -> Competence in
intellectual, social and physical skills.
5: Adolescence: 113- 19-> identity (role confusion) -> peer groups -> fit into adult world.. of who am I? ->
Fidelity a
3: Describe the cognitive perspective on human development. Compare and contrast the Piaget's theory
of cognitive development with Vgotsky's. How do these theories differ from the information processing
approach to cognition? - (answer) - Cognitive perspectives focus on how our thinking develops.
Jean Piaget theory: Children construct on understanding of the world around them, then experience
what they already know and what they discover in their environment.
- 3 basic components to his cognitive theory:
· Schemas (building blocks of knowledge) Organized patterns of thinking that our experience in the
world. Ex: babies have initiate schemas like sucking thumb. These reflexes are already programmed in us.
· Viewed intellectual growth: (Assimilation)- using an existing knowledge (schema) to deal with new
object or situation. (Accommodation)- This happens when existing schema does not walk and change to
deal with new object or situation.
,PSYC 228 FINAL EXAM NEWEST 2024 ACTUAL EXAM COMPLETE 800 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED
ANSWERS
· And turns into equilibrium.
- 4 Stages of cognitive development: ( intellectual development)
1: Sensorimotor: Birth to age 2 during this stage is object permance knowing that object still exists, even
If its hidden. Children at this age play with their food.
2: Preoperational stage (2-7) thinks about things symbolically. Thinking is still self-interested; infant has
difficulty taking viewpoints of others. Ex: Children often believe moon follows them.
3: Concrete operational stage (7-11) major turning point in child cognitive development because marks
beginning of logical thought. Child can work out things in head. Ex: Begin question existence of santa.
4: Formal orientation stage ( 11 years and over) starts at 11 lasts into adulthood. Ex: Children show great
concern for physical appearance.
- Lev Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development. In contrast to piaget who believed all of us progress
through the same stages of development in much the same order, Vygotsky viewed a child's unique
social world as the main influence on cognitive change. Vygotsky theory is sociocultural theory with view
that human development as a
4: Describe the behavioral perspective on human development. Discuss the three types of behavioral
learning mechanisms. How do they differ? How are they the same? - (answer) - 1: Classical
conditioning: Classical conditioning helps us to understand how our responses to one situation become
attached to new situations. For example a smell might remind us of time when we were a kid. Classical
conditioning explains how we develop many of our emotional responses to people, events or "gut level"
reactions to situations. Now situations may bring out an old response because the two have become
connected. "Pavlov" for classical conditioning: was interested in studying digestion.
- A "learned" response is called " conditioned" response"
- Conditioned stimulus: Something that triggers.
- One is natural ( unconditioned)
Watson and Behaviorism: He believed that most of our fears and other emotional responses are
classically conditioned. He believed that parents could be thought to help shape their children's behavior
and tried to demonstrate the power of classical conditioning with his famous experiment of rat and
Albert child.
2: Operant conditioning: Is another learning theory that implies a more conscious type of learning than
that of classical conditioning. A person (or animal) does something to see what effects it might bring.
Operant conditioning describes how we repeat behaviors because they pay off for us. Skinner and
reinforcement: Skinner believed that we learn best when our actions are reinforced (the outcome could
be good ex: child cleaning room could get a cookie and more likely to do it again than a child who is gone
, PSYC 228 FINAL EXAM NEWEST 2024 ACTUAL EXAM COMPLETE 800 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED
ANSWERS
unnoticed.) Positive and negative reinforcement: Positive reinforcement involves adding something to
the situation in order to encourage a behavior ex: of cleaning room. Negative reinforcement would be
children whining and parents give them something to stop. There are both negative and positive form of
reinforcement and punishments. In operant conditioning the term positive
5: Describe the evolution-based perspectives on development and briefly compare them to the previous
three perspectives. How is it is different? Describe the developmental systems perspective and its four
major assumptions. - (answer) - The evolutionary perspective of personality and individual proposes
that our personalities and individual differences have evolved in the past to provide us with some form
of adaptive advantage in the content of survival and production. 4 major assumptions are:
1: Human development occurs throughout the life span from birth through death.
2: Human development shapes and is shaped by intersections between people and the contents in
which the live including family and community.
3: Lifespan human development is not static across time, but varies in different historical periods.
4: Normal human development is diverse; there is great normal variation in the way people change
across the lifespan.
6: Describe the scientific method and why it is important. What is the difference between applied
research and basic research? What is the difference between quantitative data and qualitative data?
How is exploratory research different from descriptive research? - (answer) - The scientific method is
the specific procedure researchers use to ask and explore scientific questions in a way that makes
connections between observations and leads to understanding. Developmental researchers gather and
interpret information using the scientific method and steps in the research process to describe, explain,
and optimize human development across the lifespan.
Step 1: Select topic
Step 2: Focus question
Step 3: Design study
Step 4: Collect data
Step 5: Analyze data
Step 6: Interpret Data
Step 7: Mobilize Knowledge
- Basic research is a research designed to create fundamental knowledge about the world
