PSYC 228 EXAM 4 NEWEST 2024 ACTUAL EXAM COMPLETE 800 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED
ANSWERS
Group - (answer) requires a minimum of two people.
Dynamical system - (answer) groups are constantly changing. people in the group, what matters to
them, and how they identify with.
Cohesiveness - (answer) how close a group feels. it matters when examining aspects of the group.
easier to make the group cohesive, if the members are similar.
Interdependent - (answer) the existence of the group depends on its members.
Outgroup presence - (answer) another group's presence makes it easier for a group to form & make
decisions. helps to solidify it.
Roles - (answer) set of expected behaviors.
Instrumental rules - (answer) rules that help the group accomplish a task.
Expressive roles - (answer) roles that are intended to provide support to the group & help group
morale.
Zimbardo (1971): stanford prison experiment - (answer) mock prison study. all subjects were from
stanford & chosen based on scoring in a normal range on different psychological tests. roles within the
prison (guard or prisoner) were randomly assigned. considered as unethical, thus we follow IRB. thought
the guards saw prisoners as criminals but they didn't do anything to get the horrible treatment they
received. they only drew the wrong card. the study was meant to last for two weeks, but ended after 6
days due to the humiliation of other human beings. guards lost their morality based on the poor
treatment of the prisoners. other studies depict that the study had a lot of experimental interference
and much more orchestration than we were told. guards were guided/ prompted with information on
how to act with the prisoners. prisoners' breakdowns were coached by saying they needed a medical
reason to leave. data lacks a control group to make conclusions based off of. Zimbardo wanted to make a
name for himself that would get him a lot of opportunities/ attention. this study was broadcasted &
became a part of pop culture. must be careful with how rely on the results of this study.
,PSYC 228 EXAM 4 NEWEST 2024 ACTUAL EXAM COMPLETE 800 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED
ANSWERS
Deindividuation - (answer) when you lose your identity (by making yourself anonymous), you behave
worse. you tend to feed off of each other's bad behavior. includes arousal & anonymity. ex.) online
people say things more easily when their name isn't attached.
Decreased responsibility - (answer) offloading some of your memory onto group members. spreading
group memory to the group members. helpful bc you are conserving group resources.
Common knowledge effect - (answer) when groups mostly talk about information that is common
knowledge to the group. ex.) being put in groups in class, discussing information about class which is
relevant to all of the students here.
Group polarization - (answer) members of the group may end up more polarized (more extreme), and
more similar to the group opinion. ex.) put into groups, saying sushi is the group's favorite food. but you
only like sushi (4/10), their rating is 8/10. you don't want to stand out so you go with the group.
Social facilitation theory (Zajonc 1965) - (answer) optimum level of arousal leads to an optimum level
of performance.
Evaluation apprehension - (answer) an increased level of arousal will cause you to do worse than usual;
result of evaluation worries. people rating our abilities causes us to perform how they see we will. their
pressure will cause us to do poorly. baseball championships may fumble because of the pressure they
put on us causing more stress, worse performance. stage fright, they are worried about being evaluated.
Commons dilemma - (answer) there's one area where a lot of resources are (food, water, animals). how
do individuals of a population self police when it comes to this common area. two options: take
everything you see (short term gains, depleted future resources), or take what you need (long term
gains, resources can be replenished). you must trust that others will also only take what they need. if one
person takes it all, then you have nothing left for now or the future.
Self vs. others - (answer) think about yourself in this instance and relate that to others: only taking
what I need so others will too. think about it egotistically, I'll take everything here before anyone else
does (commons dilemma).
, PSYC 228 EXAM 4 NEWEST 2024 ACTUAL EXAM COMPLETE 800 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED
ANSWERS
Present vs. future - (answer) temporally discounting, worrying about the present without thinking of
future implications. makes more sense to take less today so you'll have more in the future. but we are
also worried about not having enough in the present or someone taking it all for themselves (commons
dilemma).
Ringleman (1913): social loafing - (answer) ox strength vs. human strength, accidentally discovered
social loafing. found that when people pull as a group, they pull less hard than they would be
themselves.
Social loafing - (answer) the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their
efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable. it occurs in all cultures but
less extreme in collectivist cultures.
Latane et al (1979): social loafing - (answer) brought people into a lab & had them clap or cheer. they
either did this by themselves or in a group of 2, 4, 6. measured the sound pressure that each person
exerted. when they were by themselves they exerted the most sound pressure. in groups of six they
decreased their effort. not a linear effect; as group size increased, effort or sound pressure decreased.
Task matters - (answer) if the task is easy, social loafing more likely (easy to succeed). if the task is
challenging/ demanding, social loafing less likely (must work hard to make sure the group does well).
Group matters - (answer) in a group of strangers, social loafing more likely (not worried about pre
existing relationships). in a group w friends & family, social loafing less likely (implications on your
relationships). loafers will report they weren't loafing but they were working as hard as they could.
Groupthink - (answer) when the group over-emphasizes group cohesiveness (relationships), they are
sacrificing reason & logic. a group that has individuals who are afraid of dissent, everyone agrees with
the first decision.
Why groupthink occurs - (answer) similarity, leader, ideologic isolation, high self esteem.
ANSWERS
Group - (answer) requires a minimum of two people.
Dynamical system - (answer) groups are constantly changing. people in the group, what matters to
them, and how they identify with.
Cohesiveness - (answer) how close a group feels. it matters when examining aspects of the group.
easier to make the group cohesive, if the members are similar.
Interdependent - (answer) the existence of the group depends on its members.
Outgroup presence - (answer) another group's presence makes it easier for a group to form & make
decisions. helps to solidify it.
Roles - (answer) set of expected behaviors.
Instrumental rules - (answer) rules that help the group accomplish a task.
Expressive roles - (answer) roles that are intended to provide support to the group & help group
morale.
Zimbardo (1971): stanford prison experiment - (answer) mock prison study. all subjects were from
stanford & chosen based on scoring in a normal range on different psychological tests. roles within the
prison (guard or prisoner) were randomly assigned. considered as unethical, thus we follow IRB. thought
the guards saw prisoners as criminals but they didn't do anything to get the horrible treatment they
received. they only drew the wrong card. the study was meant to last for two weeks, but ended after 6
days due to the humiliation of other human beings. guards lost their morality based on the poor
treatment of the prisoners. other studies depict that the study had a lot of experimental interference
and much more orchestration than we were told. guards were guided/ prompted with information on
how to act with the prisoners. prisoners' breakdowns were coached by saying they needed a medical
reason to leave. data lacks a control group to make conclusions based off of. Zimbardo wanted to make a
name for himself that would get him a lot of opportunities/ attention. this study was broadcasted &
became a part of pop culture. must be careful with how rely on the results of this study.
,PSYC 228 EXAM 4 NEWEST 2024 ACTUAL EXAM COMPLETE 800 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED
ANSWERS
Deindividuation - (answer) when you lose your identity (by making yourself anonymous), you behave
worse. you tend to feed off of each other's bad behavior. includes arousal & anonymity. ex.) online
people say things more easily when their name isn't attached.
Decreased responsibility - (answer) offloading some of your memory onto group members. spreading
group memory to the group members. helpful bc you are conserving group resources.
Common knowledge effect - (answer) when groups mostly talk about information that is common
knowledge to the group. ex.) being put in groups in class, discussing information about class which is
relevant to all of the students here.
Group polarization - (answer) members of the group may end up more polarized (more extreme), and
more similar to the group opinion. ex.) put into groups, saying sushi is the group's favorite food. but you
only like sushi (4/10), their rating is 8/10. you don't want to stand out so you go with the group.
Social facilitation theory (Zajonc 1965) - (answer) optimum level of arousal leads to an optimum level
of performance.
Evaluation apprehension - (answer) an increased level of arousal will cause you to do worse than usual;
result of evaluation worries. people rating our abilities causes us to perform how they see we will. their
pressure will cause us to do poorly. baseball championships may fumble because of the pressure they
put on us causing more stress, worse performance. stage fright, they are worried about being evaluated.
Commons dilemma - (answer) there's one area where a lot of resources are (food, water, animals). how
do individuals of a population self police when it comes to this common area. two options: take
everything you see (short term gains, depleted future resources), or take what you need (long term
gains, resources can be replenished). you must trust that others will also only take what they need. if one
person takes it all, then you have nothing left for now or the future.
Self vs. others - (answer) think about yourself in this instance and relate that to others: only taking
what I need so others will too. think about it egotistically, I'll take everything here before anyone else
does (commons dilemma).
, PSYC 228 EXAM 4 NEWEST 2024 ACTUAL EXAM COMPLETE 800 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED
ANSWERS
Present vs. future - (answer) temporally discounting, worrying about the present without thinking of
future implications. makes more sense to take less today so you'll have more in the future. but we are
also worried about not having enough in the present or someone taking it all for themselves (commons
dilemma).
Ringleman (1913): social loafing - (answer) ox strength vs. human strength, accidentally discovered
social loafing. found that when people pull as a group, they pull less hard than they would be
themselves.
Social loafing - (answer) the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their
efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable. it occurs in all cultures but
less extreme in collectivist cultures.
Latane et al (1979): social loafing - (answer) brought people into a lab & had them clap or cheer. they
either did this by themselves or in a group of 2, 4, 6. measured the sound pressure that each person
exerted. when they were by themselves they exerted the most sound pressure. in groups of six they
decreased their effort. not a linear effect; as group size increased, effort or sound pressure decreased.
Task matters - (answer) if the task is easy, social loafing more likely (easy to succeed). if the task is
challenging/ demanding, social loafing less likely (must work hard to make sure the group does well).
Group matters - (answer) in a group of strangers, social loafing more likely (not worried about pre
existing relationships). in a group w friends & family, social loafing less likely (implications on your
relationships). loafers will report they weren't loafing but they were working as hard as they could.
Groupthink - (answer) when the group over-emphasizes group cohesiveness (relationships), they are
sacrificing reason & logic. a group that has individuals who are afraid of dissent, everyone agrees with
the first decision.
Why groupthink occurs - (answer) similarity, leader, ideologic isolation, high self esteem.
