PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - BIOD 331 -
MODULE 1 CORRECT 100%
What is the definition of "pathophysiology"? - ANSWER Pathophysiology is defined as
not only the cellular and organ changes that occur with disease, but also the effects that
these changes have on total body function.
Name the 5 etiologic factors and give an example if listed. - ANSWER Etiologic factors
are the causes of a disease.
1. Physical forces: trauma, burns, etc
2. Chemical agents: poisons, alcohol
3. Biological agents: bacteria, viruses
4. Genetic predisposition: inherent genes from both parents but you don't necessarily
develop the disease but are predispositioned to it
5. Nutritional excess or deficiencies: Iodine deficiency can lead to hypothyroidism.
Nutritional excess in carbohydrates can lead to irritable bowel syndrome.
What are the 2 types of risk factors? - ANSWER Congenital: present at birth
Acquired: occur after birth
What is the difference between morphology and histology? - ANSWER Morphology is
defined as the fundamental structure or form of cells or tissues. Histology is the study of
the cells and extracellular matrix of body tissues.
Describe the difference between signs and symptoms and give an example of each. -
ANSWER These both relate to manifestations of a disease. Signs is an objective
manifestation while symptoms are a subjective complaint. Signs are apparent to the
physician, symptoms are apparent to the patient.
What are 3 important processes when coming to a diagnosis? - ANSWER Patient
history, diagnostic testing, and a physical examination.
Explain validity, reliability, sensitivity, and specificity. - ANSWER Validity: how a tool
measures what it is intended to measure i.e. the correct tool to do the job, such as using
a blood pressure cuff to measure blood pressure
Reliability: likelihood of yielding the same result of a test, usually dependent on
someone's experience and skill level
Sensitivity: proportion of people with a disease who test positive
Specificity: people without the disease who test negative for it
Define epidemiology and name some things that it tracks. - ANSWER Epidemiology is
the study of disease occurrence. It tracks the health of a community by tracking age,
race, nutritional habits and locations.
, What is the difference between incidence and prevalence? - ANSWER Incidence is the
number of new cases in the population at a given time, prevalence is the number of
cases that exist in the population at a given time.
Define mortality and morbidity. - ANSWER Mortality is the reason for death in a
population. Morbidity is the effect of the illness on someone's life, as it pertains to their
quality of life.
Define primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention and give an example of each. -
ANSWER Primary prevention is what a person does to prevent a disease from
occurring, for example eating healthy and exercising.
Secondary prevention is aiming to detect and treat diseases when they are either still
curable or asymptomatic. An example of this is a colonoscopy
Tertiary prevention is when a disease is diagnosed and clinical interventions happen to
cause further complications. For example, using medication to reduce the risk of future
heart attacks.
Why is evidence-based practice important? - ANSWER Evidence-based practice is
important because medical professions follow up-to-date information and studies in
order to treat diseases. This ensures that new treatment options are followed,
preventing physicians from using outdates practices that no longer benefit the patient.
What are the 3 primary structures of the cell? - ANSWER The nucleus, cytoplasm, and
plasma membrane
Explain microtubules. - ANSWER Microtubules can disassemble at one location and
reassemble at another, aiding in the maintenance of cell form, intracellular transport,
and the formation of cellular structures.
Explain centrioles. - ANSWER Centrioles are made of microtubules and aid during cell
division by forming the mitotic spindle and helping to separate and move the
chromosomes.
Explain cilia. - ANSWER The cilia are also made of microtubules and function in cell
motility.
Give examples of where cilia and flagella are found in the human body. - ANSWER
Cilia are found in epithelial lining such as nasal passages. Flagella are only found in
sperm.
What are the 4 functions of the cell membrane? - ANSWER The cell membrane
separates the contents of a cell from its outside environment. It regulates the materials
coming into and going from the cell, it aids in cell division and growth, and contains
hormone receptors that facilitate the conduction of electrical currents in nerve receptors.
MODULE 1 CORRECT 100%
What is the definition of "pathophysiology"? - ANSWER Pathophysiology is defined as
not only the cellular and organ changes that occur with disease, but also the effects that
these changes have on total body function.
Name the 5 etiologic factors and give an example if listed. - ANSWER Etiologic factors
are the causes of a disease.
1. Physical forces: trauma, burns, etc
2. Chemical agents: poisons, alcohol
3. Biological agents: bacteria, viruses
4. Genetic predisposition: inherent genes from both parents but you don't necessarily
develop the disease but are predispositioned to it
5. Nutritional excess or deficiencies: Iodine deficiency can lead to hypothyroidism.
Nutritional excess in carbohydrates can lead to irritable bowel syndrome.
What are the 2 types of risk factors? - ANSWER Congenital: present at birth
Acquired: occur after birth
What is the difference between morphology and histology? - ANSWER Morphology is
defined as the fundamental structure or form of cells or tissues. Histology is the study of
the cells and extracellular matrix of body tissues.
Describe the difference between signs and symptoms and give an example of each. -
ANSWER These both relate to manifestations of a disease. Signs is an objective
manifestation while symptoms are a subjective complaint. Signs are apparent to the
physician, symptoms are apparent to the patient.
What are 3 important processes when coming to a diagnosis? - ANSWER Patient
history, diagnostic testing, and a physical examination.
Explain validity, reliability, sensitivity, and specificity. - ANSWER Validity: how a tool
measures what it is intended to measure i.e. the correct tool to do the job, such as using
a blood pressure cuff to measure blood pressure
Reliability: likelihood of yielding the same result of a test, usually dependent on
someone's experience and skill level
Sensitivity: proportion of people with a disease who test positive
Specificity: people without the disease who test negative for it
Define epidemiology and name some things that it tracks. - ANSWER Epidemiology is
the study of disease occurrence. It tracks the health of a community by tracking age,
race, nutritional habits and locations.
, What is the difference between incidence and prevalence? - ANSWER Incidence is the
number of new cases in the population at a given time, prevalence is the number of
cases that exist in the population at a given time.
Define mortality and morbidity. - ANSWER Mortality is the reason for death in a
population. Morbidity is the effect of the illness on someone's life, as it pertains to their
quality of life.
Define primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention and give an example of each. -
ANSWER Primary prevention is what a person does to prevent a disease from
occurring, for example eating healthy and exercising.
Secondary prevention is aiming to detect and treat diseases when they are either still
curable or asymptomatic. An example of this is a colonoscopy
Tertiary prevention is when a disease is diagnosed and clinical interventions happen to
cause further complications. For example, using medication to reduce the risk of future
heart attacks.
Why is evidence-based practice important? - ANSWER Evidence-based practice is
important because medical professions follow up-to-date information and studies in
order to treat diseases. This ensures that new treatment options are followed,
preventing physicians from using outdates practices that no longer benefit the patient.
What are the 3 primary structures of the cell? - ANSWER The nucleus, cytoplasm, and
plasma membrane
Explain microtubules. - ANSWER Microtubules can disassemble at one location and
reassemble at another, aiding in the maintenance of cell form, intracellular transport,
and the formation of cellular structures.
Explain centrioles. - ANSWER Centrioles are made of microtubules and aid during cell
division by forming the mitotic spindle and helping to separate and move the
chromosomes.
Explain cilia. - ANSWER The cilia are also made of microtubules and function in cell
motility.
Give examples of where cilia and flagella are found in the human body. - ANSWER
Cilia are found in epithelial lining such as nasal passages. Flagella are only found in
sperm.
What are the 4 functions of the cell membrane? - ANSWER The cell membrane
separates the contents of a cell from its outside environment. It regulates the materials
coming into and going from the cell, it aids in cell division and growth, and contains
hormone receptors that facilitate the conduction of electrical currents in nerve receptors.
