Pathophysiology 2025 Comprehensive Exam Review and TEST
BANK Verified Clinical Concepts, Case-Based Questions, and
Study Guide | Nursing, Pre-Med
1. What is the primary cause of autoimmune disorders?- CORRECT ANSWER✔✔Disruption in tolerance,
leading to the inability to differentiate between self-tissues and foreign material.
2. What factors contribute to the development of autoimmune diseases?- CORRECT ANSWER✔✔Genetic
predisposition and an initiating event.
3. How do autoimmune diseases typically manifest in individuals?- CORRECT ANSWER✔✔They often
run in families and develop later in life when genetically predisposed individuals experience a triggering
event.
4. What genetic defects are associated with autoimmune diseases?- CORRECT ANSWER✔✔Defects in
genes that code for MHC complexes.
5. What is molecular mimicry in the context of autoimmune disorders?- CORRECT ANSWER✔✔It
occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks self-tissues due to similarities with foreign antigens.
6. What is the difference between autoimmunity and alloimmunity?- CORRECT
ANSWER✔✔Autoimmunity attacks the body's own healthy cells, while alloimmunity attacks
transplanted or transfused tissues.
7. What type of immune response is mediated by IgE?- CORRECT ANSWER✔✔Type I hypersensitivity
reactions, such as allergies.
8. What types of antibodies are involved in Type II hypersensitivity reactions?- CORRECT
ANSWER✔✔IgM and IgG antibodies.
,9. What is the common mechanism underlying allergic reactions?- CORRECT
ANSWER✔✔Environmental antigens are presented to Helper T cells, leading to B cell activation and
IgE release.
10. What is the process of antigen presentation in hypersensitivity reactions?- CORRECT
ANSWER✔✔Antigen is taken up by an antigen-presenting cell (APC), presented to CD4 T helper cells,
which activate cytotoxic CD8 cells.
11. What are the results of inappropriate immune responses in hypersensitivity?- CORRECT
ANSWER✔✔Cell damage, death, and dysfunction due to inflammatory responses.
12. What are extrinsic antigens?- CORRECT ANSWER✔✔Antigens that are external to the host's body,
such as environmental allergens.
13. What are intrinsic antigens?- CORRECT ANSWER✔✔Antigens that are part of the host's own cells.
14. What inflammatory mediators are released during allergic reactions?- CORRECT
ANSWER✔✔Histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins.
15. What are some examples of autoimmune diseases?- CORRECT ANSWER✔✔Type I Diabetes Mellitus,
Grave's Disease, and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE).
16. What is the mechanism of action for autoreactive CD8 T cells in autoimmune disorders?- CORRECT
ANSWER✔✔They directly attack host antigen cells.
17. What types of anemia are associated with diminished erythropoiesis?- CORRECT ANSWER✔✔Iron
deficiency anemia, anemia of chronic disease, B12 and folate deficiency, and aplastic anemia.
18. What is the role of EPO in anemia related to inflammation?- CORRECT ANSWER✔✔Decreased EPO
production can contribute to anemia due to inflammatory processes.
19. What is the clinical significance of the Tuberculin Skin Test (PPD)?- CORRECT ANSWER✔✔It
assesses the immune response to a circulating allergen that binds to IgE antibodies.
,20. What happens when IgM/IgG antibodies bind to soluble antigens?- CORRECT ANSWER✔✔They form
complexes that can embed in tissues and trigger inflammatory responses.
21. What is anaphylaxis?- CORRECT ANSWER✔✔A severe, potentially life-threatening allergic reaction
that can occur rapidly.
22. What is urticaria?- CORRECT ANSWER✔✔A skin reaction characterized by hives, often associated
with allergic responses.
23. What are the consequences of insufficient iron intake or absorption?- CORRECT ANSWER✔✔It leads
to small hemoglobin deficient RBCs and anemia.
24. What is the role of erythropoietin (EPO) in hematopoiesis?- CORRECT ANSWER✔✔EPO stimulates
the production of red blood cells in response to low oxygen levels.
25. How does hepcidin affect iron metabolism?- CORRECT ANSWER✔✔Hepcidin production increases
with high iron levels, reducing iron absorption and recycling.
26. What is pernicious anemia and its cause?- CORRECT ANSWER✔✔Pernicious anemia is caused by
autoimmune destruction of intrinsic factor, impairing vitamin B12 absorption.
27. What are the symptoms of vitamin B12 deficiency?- CORRECT ANSWER✔✔Symptoms include
paresthesia and gait disturbances due to its role in myelin sheath synthesis.
28. What is the difference between microcytic and macrocytic anemia?- CORRECT
ANSWER✔✔Microcytic anemia features small RBCs, while macrocytic anemia features large RBCs.
29. What is hemolytic anemia and its common causes?- CORRECT ANSWER✔✔Hemolytic anemia is due
to increased destruction of RBCs, often caused by immune-mediated hemolysis or structural defects.
, 30. What is hereditary spherocytosis?- CORRECT ANSWER✔✔A genetic mutation that alters erythrocyte
membrane proteins, causing RBCs to lose flexibility and become trapped in the spleen.
31. What are the common symptoms of hemolytic anemia?- CORRECT ANSWER✔✔Symptoms include
fatigue, headaches, dyspnea, jaundice, and abdominal pain.
32. What is thrombocytopenia and its threshold?- CORRECT ANSWER✔✔Thrombocytopenia is a
condition characterized by a platelet count of less than 100,000 platelets/mm3.
33. What is von Willebrand disease?- CORRECT ANSWER✔✔A congenital defect that leads to
dysfunctional von Willebrand factor, impairing platelet adherence.
34. What is the role of aspirin in platelet function?- CORRECT ANSWER✔✔Aspirin blocks the production
of TXA2, disrupting platelet adherence and aggregation.
35. What are the causes of impaired hemostasis?- CORRECT ANSWER✔✔Causes include congenital
defects, liver disease, vitamin K deficiency, and anticoagulant use.
36. What is the coagulation cascade?- CORRECT ANSWER✔✔The coagulation cascade is a series of
enzymatic reactions that lead to fibrin mesh formation for clot stabilization.
37. What is Virchow's triad?- CORRECT ANSWER✔✔Virchow's triad includes three factors that promote
thrombosis: vascular injury, stasis of blood flow, and hypercoagulability.
38. What are common causes of hypercoagulability?- CORRECT ANSWER✔✔Common causes include
surgery, immobility, cancer, and hormonal factors such as estrogen.
39. How does prolonged antibiotic use affect coagulation?- CORRECT ANSWER✔✔Prolonged antibiotic
use can disrupt the intestinal microbiome, leading to vitamin K deficiency and impaired clotting.
40. What is the effect of heparin on clotting factors?- CORRECT ANSWER✔✔Heparin inactivates clotting
factors, preventing clot formation.
BANK Verified Clinical Concepts, Case-Based Questions, and
Study Guide | Nursing, Pre-Med
1. What is the primary cause of autoimmune disorders?- CORRECT ANSWER✔✔Disruption in tolerance,
leading to the inability to differentiate between self-tissues and foreign material.
2. What factors contribute to the development of autoimmune diseases?- CORRECT ANSWER✔✔Genetic
predisposition and an initiating event.
3. How do autoimmune diseases typically manifest in individuals?- CORRECT ANSWER✔✔They often
run in families and develop later in life when genetically predisposed individuals experience a triggering
event.
4. What genetic defects are associated with autoimmune diseases?- CORRECT ANSWER✔✔Defects in
genes that code for MHC complexes.
5. What is molecular mimicry in the context of autoimmune disorders?- CORRECT ANSWER✔✔It
occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks self-tissues due to similarities with foreign antigens.
6. What is the difference between autoimmunity and alloimmunity?- CORRECT
ANSWER✔✔Autoimmunity attacks the body's own healthy cells, while alloimmunity attacks
transplanted or transfused tissues.
7. What type of immune response is mediated by IgE?- CORRECT ANSWER✔✔Type I hypersensitivity
reactions, such as allergies.
8. What types of antibodies are involved in Type II hypersensitivity reactions?- CORRECT
ANSWER✔✔IgM and IgG antibodies.
,9. What is the common mechanism underlying allergic reactions?- CORRECT
ANSWER✔✔Environmental antigens are presented to Helper T cells, leading to B cell activation and
IgE release.
10. What is the process of antigen presentation in hypersensitivity reactions?- CORRECT
ANSWER✔✔Antigen is taken up by an antigen-presenting cell (APC), presented to CD4 T helper cells,
which activate cytotoxic CD8 cells.
11. What are the results of inappropriate immune responses in hypersensitivity?- CORRECT
ANSWER✔✔Cell damage, death, and dysfunction due to inflammatory responses.
12. What are extrinsic antigens?- CORRECT ANSWER✔✔Antigens that are external to the host's body,
such as environmental allergens.
13. What are intrinsic antigens?- CORRECT ANSWER✔✔Antigens that are part of the host's own cells.
14. What inflammatory mediators are released during allergic reactions?- CORRECT
ANSWER✔✔Histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins.
15. What are some examples of autoimmune diseases?- CORRECT ANSWER✔✔Type I Diabetes Mellitus,
Grave's Disease, and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE).
16. What is the mechanism of action for autoreactive CD8 T cells in autoimmune disorders?- CORRECT
ANSWER✔✔They directly attack host antigen cells.
17. What types of anemia are associated with diminished erythropoiesis?- CORRECT ANSWER✔✔Iron
deficiency anemia, anemia of chronic disease, B12 and folate deficiency, and aplastic anemia.
18. What is the role of EPO in anemia related to inflammation?- CORRECT ANSWER✔✔Decreased EPO
production can contribute to anemia due to inflammatory processes.
19. What is the clinical significance of the Tuberculin Skin Test (PPD)?- CORRECT ANSWER✔✔It
assesses the immune response to a circulating allergen that binds to IgE antibodies.
,20. What happens when IgM/IgG antibodies bind to soluble antigens?- CORRECT ANSWER✔✔They form
complexes that can embed in tissues and trigger inflammatory responses.
21. What is anaphylaxis?- CORRECT ANSWER✔✔A severe, potentially life-threatening allergic reaction
that can occur rapidly.
22. What is urticaria?- CORRECT ANSWER✔✔A skin reaction characterized by hives, often associated
with allergic responses.
23. What are the consequences of insufficient iron intake or absorption?- CORRECT ANSWER✔✔It leads
to small hemoglobin deficient RBCs and anemia.
24. What is the role of erythropoietin (EPO) in hematopoiesis?- CORRECT ANSWER✔✔EPO stimulates
the production of red blood cells in response to low oxygen levels.
25. How does hepcidin affect iron metabolism?- CORRECT ANSWER✔✔Hepcidin production increases
with high iron levels, reducing iron absorption and recycling.
26. What is pernicious anemia and its cause?- CORRECT ANSWER✔✔Pernicious anemia is caused by
autoimmune destruction of intrinsic factor, impairing vitamin B12 absorption.
27. What are the symptoms of vitamin B12 deficiency?- CORRECT ANSWER✔✔Symptoms include
paresthesia and gait disturbances due to its role in myelin sheath synthesis.
28. What is the difference between microcytic and macrocytic anemia?- CORRECT
ANSWER✔✔Microcytic anemia features small RBCs, while macrocytic anemia features large RBCs.
29. What is hemolytic anemia and its common causes?- CORRECT ANSWER✔✔Hemolytic anemia is due
to increased destruction of RBCs, often caused by immune-mediated hemolysis or structural defects.
, 30. What is hereditary spherocytosis?- CORRECT ANSWER✔✔A genetic mutation that alters erythrocyte
membrane proteins, causing RBCs to lose flexibility and become trapped in the spleen.
31. What are the common symptoms of hemolytic anemia?- CORRECT ANSWER✔✔Symptoms include
fatigue, headaches, dyspnea, jaundice, and abdominal pain.
32. What is thrombocytopenia and its threshold?- CORRECT ANSWER✔✔Thrombocytopenia is a
condition characterized by a platelet count of less than 100,000 platelets/mm3.
33. What is von Willebrand disease?- CORRECT ANSWER✔✔A congenital defect that leads to
dysfunctional von Willebrand factor, impairing platelet adherence.
34. What is the role of aspirin in platelet function?- CORRECT ANSWER✔✔Aspirin blocks the production
of TXA2, disrupting platelet adherence and aggregation.
35. What are the causes of impaired hemostasis?- CORRECT ANSWER✔✔Causes include congenital
defects, liver disease, vitamin K deficiency, and anticoagulant use.
36. What is the coagulation cascade?- CORRECT ANSWER✔✔The coagulation cascade is a series of
enzymatic reactions that lead to fibrin mesh formation for clot stabilization.
37. What is Virchow's triad?- CORRECT ANSWER✔✔Virchow's triad includes three factors that promote
thrombosis: vascular injury, stasis of blood flow, and hypercoagulability.
38. What are common causes of hypercoagulability?- CORRECT ANSWER✔✔Common causes include
surgery, immobility, cancer, and hormonal factors such as estrogen.
39. How does prolonged antibiotic use affect coagulation?- CORRECT ANSWER✔✔Prolonged antibiotic
use can disrupt the intestinal microbiome, leading to vitamin K deficiency and impaired clotting.
40. What is the effect of heparin on clotting factors?- CORRECT ANSWER✔✔Heparin inactivates clotting
factors, preventing clot formation.
