Psych 349 Exam 3 Questions Answered Correctly Graded A+
The core meaning of a sentence as expressed by its linguistic content. This core meaning captures the
real-world event or the situation that would have to occur in order for that sentence to be judged to be
true
the smallest piece of meaning derived solely from the words within a sentence (and their reference) that
can be assigned a truth value (true or false) - Answers Proposition
detailed conceptual representation of real-world situations that are evoked by language - Answers
mental models/situation models
A pronoun's referent or referential match; that is, the expression (usually a proper name or a descriptive
noun or noun phrase) that refers to the same person or entity as the pronoun - Answers antecedent
The finding that under some circumstances, it takes longer to read a sentence in which a highly salient
referent is referred to by a full noun phrase (NP) rather than by a pronoun. - Answers repeated-name
penalty
syntactic structures that have the effect of putting special emphasis or focus on certain elements within
the sentence - Answers focus constructions
A type of focus construction in which a single clause has been split into two, typically with the form "It
is/was X that/who Y." The element corresponding to X in this frame is focused. For example, in the
sentence It was Sam who left Fred, the focus is on Sam. - Answers it-cleft sentence
A type of focus construction in which one clause has been divided into two, with the first clause
introduced by a wh- element, as in the sentences What Ravi sold was his old car or Where Joan went
was to Finland. In this case, the focused element appears in the second clause (his old car, to Finland). -
Answers wh-cleft sentence
Expectations about the probable cause/effect structure of events denoted by particular verbs. - Answers
implicit causality
An inference that connects some of the content in a sentence with previous material in the text, or with
information encoded in the mental model. - Answers bridging inferences
An implicit assumption that is signaled by specific linguistic expressions, and whose existence or truth is
taken for granted as background information. - Answers presupposition
the process of updating a mental model to include information that is presupposed by a speaker, as
evident by his use of specific presupposition-triggering expressions - Answers accommodation
, refers to inferences that are not required in order to make a discourse coherent but that enrich the
meaning of sentences to include material not explicitly encoded on the linguistic content of the
sentence - Answers Elaborative inferences
The finding that under some circumstances, readers retain more information from a text in which the
coherence relations between sentences is not made explicit and must be inferred by the reader. -
Answers reverse cohesion effect
a type of comparative reasoning in which the similarities between conceptual structures are aligned and
highlighted, while other irrelevant properties or relations are disregarded - Answers analogical reasoning
the enhancement of learning through social interaction - Answers social gating
a receptive mindset adopted by the learner in response to cues that signal that an interactive partner is
intending to convey some new and relevant information - Answers pedagogical stance
A test intended to probe for the ability to recognize that the mental state of another person can be
different from one's own. In the typical false belief test, the subject learns some new information that
has the effect of altering a previous belief. The subject is then asked to report on the belief state of
another person who has not been privy to the new information. - Answers false-belief test
Understand that someone may have mental states that are similar to but not the same as your own
the ability to grasp the nature of mental states such as beliefs, knowledge, and intentions, and to
recognize that different people may have different mental states under different conditions - Answers
theory of mind
An experimental task in which speakers refer to a specific target object in the context of a number of
other objects. The method may be used to probe the behavior of either speakers or hearers. Speakers
are faced with the task of choosing a linguistic expression that successfully distinguishes the target
object from the other objects that are present. Hearers are required to successfully identity the target
object based on the speakers' choice of linguistic expression. The task may vary the nature of the objects
that are present, the linguistic descriptions of the objects, or various aspects of the interactive context. -
Answers referential communication task
An aspect of the speaker's intended meaning that cannot be derived directly from the linguistic code,
but must be inferred by the hearer on the basis of expectations about the speaker's probable
communicative goals and behavior. - Answers conversational implicature
A set of communicative expectations that are shared by speakers and hearers regarding how speakers
typically behave in order to be understood by hearers. The four maxims of Quality, Relation, Quantity
and Manner are attributed to the philosopher H. P. Grice. - Answers maxims of cooperative conversation
The core meaning of a sentence as expressed by its linguistic content. This core meaning captures the
real-world event or the situation that would have to occur in order for that sentence to be judged to be
true
the smallest piece of meaning derived solely from the words within a sentence (and their reference) that
can be assigned a truth value (true or false) - Answers Proposition
detailed conceptual representation of real-world situations that are evoked by language - Answers
mental models/situation models
A pronoun's referent or referential match; that is, the expression (usually a proper name or a descriptive
noun or noun phrase) that refers to the same person or entity as the pronoun - Answers antecedent
The finding that under some circumstances, it takes longer to read a sentence in which a highly salient
referent is referred to by a full noun phrase (NP) rather than by a pronoun. - Answers repeated-name
penalty
syntactic structures that have the effect of putting special emphasis or focus on certain elements within
the sentence - Answers focus constructions
A type of focus construction in which a single clause has been split into two, typically with the form "It
is/was X that/who Y." The element corresponding to X in this frame is focused. For example, in the
sentence It was Sam who left Fred, the focus is on Sam. - Answers it-cleft sentence
A type of focus construction in which one clause has been divided into two, with the first clause
introduced by a wh- element, as in the sentences What Ravi sold was his old car or Where Joan went
was to Finland. In this case, the focused element appears in the second clause (his old car, to Finland). -
Answers wh-cleft sentence
Expectations about the probable cause/effect structure of events denoted by particular verbs. - Answers
implicit causality
An inference that connects some of the content in a sentence with previous material in the text, or with
information encoded in the mental model. - Answers bridging inferences
An implicit assumption that is signaled by specific linguistic expressions, and whose existence or truth is
taken for granted as background information. - Answers presupposition
the process of updating a mental model to include information that is presupposed by a speaker, as
evident by his use of specific presupposition-triggering expressions - Answers accommodation
, refers to inferences that are not required in order to make a discourse coherent but that enrich the
meaning of sentences to include material not explicitly encoded on the linguistic content of the
sentence - Answers Elaborative inferences
The finding that under some circumstances, readers retain more information from a text in which the
coherence relations between sentences is not made explicit and must be inferred by the reader. -
Answers reverse cohesion effect
a type of comparative reasoning in which the similarities between conceptual structures are aligned and
highlighted, while other irrelevant properties or relations are disregarded - Answers analogical reasoning
the enhancement of learning through social interaction - Answers social gating
a receptive mindset adopted by the learner in response to cues that signal that an interactive partner is
intending to convey some new and relevant information - Answers pedagogical stance
A test intended to probe for the ability to recognize that the mental state of another person can be
different from one's own. In the typical false belief test, the subject learns some new information that
has the effect of altering a previous belief. The subject is then asked to report on the belief state of
another person who has not been privy to the new information. - Answers false-belief test
Understand that someone may have mental states that are similar to but not the same as your own
the ability to grasp the nature of mental states such as beliefs, knowledge, and intentions, and to
recognize that different people may have different mental states under different conditions - Answers
theory of mind
An experimental task in which speakers refer to a specific target object in the context of a number of
other objects. The method may be used to probe the behavior of either speakers or hearers. Speakers
are faced with the task of choosing a linguistic expression that successfully distinguishes the target
object from the other objects that are present. Hearers are required to successfully identity the target
object based on the speakers' choice of linguistic expression. The task may vary the nature of the objects
that are present, the linguistic descriptions of the objects, or various aspects of the interactive context. -
Answers referential communication task
An aspect of the speaker's intended meaning that cannot be derived directly from the linguistic code,
but must be inferred by the hearer on the basis of expectations about the speaker's probable
communicative goals and behavior. - Answers conversational implicature
A set of communicative expectations that are shared by speakers and hearers regarding how speakers
typically behave in order to be understood by hearers. The four maxims of Quality, Relation, Quantity
and Manner are attributed to the philosopher H. P. Grice. - Answers maxims of cooperative conversation
