S-130 Wildland Firefighter Training FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE 2025/2026 COMPLETE QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED CORRECT SOLUTIONS || 100% GUARANTEED PASS <RECENT VERSION>

S-130 Wildland Firefighter Training FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE 2025/2026 COMPLETE QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED CORRECT SOLUTIONS || 100% GUARANTEED PASS &lt;RECENT VERSION&gt; 1. List the 18 watch outs - ANSWER 1. Fire not scouted and sized up In country not seen in daylight safety zones and escape routes not identified Unfamiliar with weather and local factors influencing fire behavior Uninformed on strategy, tactics, and hazards Instructions and assignments not clear No communication link with crew members and supervisors Constructing line without a safe anchor point Building fireline downhill with fire below Attempting frontal assault on fire Unburned fuel between you and the fire Cannot see main fire; not in contact with someone who can On a hillside where rolling material can ignite fuel below Weather becoming hotter and drier Wind increases and/or changes direction Getting frequent spot fires across line Terrain and fuels make escape to safety zones difficult Taking a nap near fireline 2. List 10 Standard Firefighting Orders - ANSWER 1. Keep informed on weather conditions and forecast 2. Know what your fire is doing at all times 3. Base all actions on current and expected behavior or the fire 4. Identify escape routes and safety zones and make them known 5. Post lookouts when there is possible danger 6. Be alert, keep calm, think clearly, and act decisively 7. Maintain prompt communications with your forces, your supervisor, and adjoining forces 8. Give clear instructions and be sure they are understood 9. Maintain control of you forces at all times 10. Fight fire aggressively, having provided for safety first 3. Identify nine parts of a fire - ANSWER (1) Origin, (2) Head, (3) Flank, (4) Rear/Heel, (5) Perimeter, (6) Finger, (7) Pocket, (8) Island, (9) Spot Fire 4. Orgin - ANSWER The location where the fire started 5. Who is in charge of a fire? - ANSWER Incident Commander 6. List 3 hand tools - ANSWER Pulaski. Combi. Flapper. 7. How much space is necessary for constructing line and why? - ANSWER 10 feet is required for constructing line for the safety of the crew members. 8. List 2 firing devices used in wildland fire - ANSWER Drip torch. Fusee. 9. List 2 hazards when using fusee in the field - ANSWER They burn very bright. They drip hot material. 10. What is the best method for searching for hot spots? - ANSWER Gridding 11. List 3 weather factors that influence firefighters ability to fight fire - ANSWER Wind. Temperature. Relative Humidity. 12. List 3 factors that reduce judgement, alertness, and decision-making in firefighters - ANSWER Sleep. 13. List the 5 steps of the risk management process - ANSWER 1. Situational awareness 2. Hazard assessment 3. Hazard control 4. Decision point 5. Evaluate 14. What is the purpose of a fire shelter? - ANSWER A fire shelter is designed to reflect radiant heat and to provide cooler, breathable air to protect your lungs and airway. It is not designed to protect against conduction. 15. When is it okay for fireline personnel not to carry a fire shelter? - ANSWER It is never okay to not carry a fire shelter. 16. How often should fire shelters be inspected? - ANSWER Fire shelters should be evaluated when the fire shelter is given, at the beginning of the fire season, and every 2 weeks throughout the fire season. 17. What items should be taken into a deployed fire shelter? - ANSWER Gloves. Radio. Water. Hard hat. 18. What are the characteristics of a good fire shelter deployment area? - ANSWER Seek the lowest point, greatest distance from the nearest fuels, smooth surface textures for shelter seal, utilize heat barriers, remove ground fuel (4' x 8'), and deploy shelters as closely as possible to crew members. 19. What is the purpose of taking water into a deployed fire shelter? - ANSWER Water should be consumed. 20. Where should the fuel be placed when digging line? - ANSWER The fuel should be placed on the outside on the line. 21. Should PPE be changed if it comes on contact with retardant? - ANSWER Yes 22. How many feet are in a chain? - ANSWER 66 ft. 23. What is a tanker? - ANSWER Fixed wing aircraft used to drop water or retardant 24. Where is the fire most intense? - ANSWER The head of the fire 25. What 3 things must be present for effective communication to take place? - ANSWER There must be a sender, receiver, and an exchange of information. 26. List 3 types of hose lays - ANSWER Simple hose lay. Progressive hose lay. Parallel hose lay. 27. List the Wildland Urban Interface watch outs - ANSWER Wooden construction and wood shake roofs. Poor access and narrow, congested one-way roads. Inadequate water supply. Natural fuels 30 feet or closer to structures. Extreme fire behavior. Strong winds. Need to evacuate the public. Structures located in chimneys, box canyons, saddles, or on steep slopes in flashy fuels. Bridge load limits. Working around power lines. Petroleum or propane tanks present. Head - ANSWER Shows the direction in which the fire is burning. This is the hottest and most active part of the fire 28. The minimum level of hazard control that must be in place to engage a fire - ANSWER LACES (lookouts, awareness/anchor point, communications, escape routes, safety zones) 29. **all communications should be clearly understood and repeated back to ensure understanding**&lt;--you should never be on a fire with no communications - ANSWER 30. Escape route considerations: - ANSWER -should always be known to all and marked ahead of time -more than one should be used when possible -always consider the terrain of the escape route and adjust escape time accordingly -update the escape routes as the event progresses 31. A place you, your crew, and your equipment can go to be safe - ANSWER safety zone 32. Safety zone considerations: - ANSWER -a fire shelter is no replacement for a safety zone -should be big enough for you, your crew, and all your equipment to be out of harms way -more than one is okay -should be clearly marked through their proper escape routes and known to all 33. What are the (3) main priorities in wildland firefighting? - ANSWER prevention (#1) -detection -suppression 34. any treatment applied directly to burning fuel such as wetting, smothering, or chemically quenching the fire or by physically separating the burning fuel from unburned fuel - ANSWER direct attack 35. a method of suppression in which the control line is located some considerable distance away from the fire's live edge - ANSWER indirect attack 36. checking the spread of fire at points of more rapid spread or special threat; is usually the initial step in prompt control with emphasis on fire priorities - ANSWER hotspotting 37. What component of smoke poses the greatest health risk to fireline personnel? - ANSWER particulate matter 38. knowing what is going on so you can figure out what to do - ANSWER situational awareness (gathering information by observation and communication; foundation of all decision making; ongoing process) 39. What does SA involve? - ANSWER -perceiving, processing, and predicting -decision making, taking action, communicating, and coordinating 40. What is the ultimate purpose of the wildland fire service? - ANSWER protect life, property, and natural resources while engaging the forces of nature 41. describe the SA cycle: - ANSWER observations and communication allow you to gather information to create a perception 42. What are the (5) communication responsibilities? BDCAA - ANSWER briefing, debriefing, communicate hazards, acknowledge message, ask if you don't know 43. WUI hazards: - ANSWER powerlines, hazmat, propane tanks, fuel tanks, firearms, ammo, panicked public, traffic, septic tanks, livestock egress/ingress issues 44. What is the difference between subjective and objective fireline hazards? - ANSWER subjective= one has direct control over objective= one has no control over 45. (4) frequent wildland hazards: - ANSWER -lightning -fire-weakened timber -rollling logs/rocks/debris -entrapment by fires 46. Uncontrolled barriers create ________________. - ANSWER inaccurate perceptions 47. What are the (5) parts of the decision cycle? - ANSWER -*SA*: develop the most accurate picture of reality -*recognition*: focus on what is important and filter out what is unimportant -*option selection*: weigh risks and opportunities and select course of action -*decision point*: initiate a course of action -*action*: make sure the course of action is carried out and assess the changes resulting from those actions in order to update SA 48. (you never run out of options, you just run out of time) 49. Flank - ANSWER Sides of the fire, parallel to the main direction of spread. May have active fire, but not as hot as the head of the fire. 50. Rear/Heel - ANSWER Opposite the head of the fire and burning less vigorously, if at all. Often near the fire origin. 51. Perimeter - ANSWER Boundary of the fire or fire edge. May not have active fire on some portions. 52. Finger - ANSWER An area, usually a narrow strip, that burns away from the main part of the fire. Could be dangerous if personnel working the fire are flanked by a finger. 53. Pocket - ANSWER Unburned area between the main fire and any fingers. 54. Island - ANSWER Area of unburned fuel inside the fire perimeter. 55. Spot Fire - ANSWER Burning area outside the main fire perimeter, often caused by wind blown embers or rolling debris. 56. Name nine fire behavior terms - ANSWER (1) Smoldering, (2) Creeping, (3) Running, (4) Backing, (5) Spotting, (6) Torching, (7) Crowning, (8) Blowup 57. Smoldering - ANSWER Fire burning without flame and barely spreading 58. Creeping - ANSWER Fire burning with a low flame and spreading slowly 59. Running - ANSWER Fire spreading rapidly with a well-defined head. 60. Backing - ANSWER Fire moving away from the head downhill, or against the wind 61. Spotting - ANSWER Sparks or embers produced by the main fire that are carried by winds or convection columns. 62. Torching - ANSWER Fire burning on the surface, but periodically igniting the crown of a single or small group of trees or shrubs before returning to the surface. Although sometimes confused with crowning this behavior is not as serious as a crown fire. 63. Crowning - ANSWER Fire that advances across tops of trees or shrubs more or less independent of surface fire. High fire intensity and high forward rate of spread. Use crown fire or crowning with care because it describes a very serious fire situation. 64. Blowup - ANSWER Sudden increase in fire intensity or rate of spread of a fire sufficient to preclude direct control or to upset existing suppression plans. 65. Name five other useful firefighting terms - ANSWER (1) Control Line, (2) Fireline, (3) Anchor Point, (4) Mopup, (5) Class of fire 66. Control Line - ANSWER A comprehensive term used for all the constructed or natural fire barriers and treated fire edges used to contain the fire. 67. Fireline - ANSWER Any clear strip or portion of a control line from which flammable material has been removed by scraping or digging down to mineral soil. 68. Anchor Point - ANSWER An advantageous location, generally a fire barrier, from which to start constructing a fireline. Used to minimize the chance of being outflanked by the fire while the line is being constructed. 69. Mop-up - ANSWER Final extinguishing of a fire after it is lined 70. Describe the classes of fire - ANSWER This classifies the size of the fire with class "A" being the smallest and class "G" being the largest. 71. What are the four main types of crews commonly used in initial attack and extended attack? - ANSWER Hand Crew, Engine Crew, Helitack Crew, Dozers/Tractor Plow Crew 72. Name 4 common denominators of fire behavior on fatal and near-fatal fires - ANSWER - Relatively small fires or isolated areas of large fires. - In deceptively light fuels, such as grass, herbs, and light brush. - Responds to topographic conditions and runs uphill. - Shift in wind direction or in wind speed. 73. Safety zones must be pre-located to avoid: - ANSWER - Locations that are downhill from the fire - Locations that are in chimneys, saddles, or narrow canyons - Locations that require a steep uphill escape route (greater than 50% slope) - Exposure to heavy fuel concentration on the windward sides of the ridges, rocks, and other solid objects 74. What type of fuel does a drip torch use? - ANSWER Drip torches use a combination of gas and diesel. Gas burns too quickly, while diesel does not burn efficiently enough. 75. What are the three sides of the fire triangle? - ANSWER 1. Oxygen 2. Heat 3. Fuel 76. What factors influence fire line construction? - ANSWER Fuel type, fuel moisture, temperature, wind, and continuity and arrangement of fuel all influence fire line construction. 77. What are the (3) main parts to a briefing? - ANSWER -task (what is to be done?) -purpose (why is it to be done?) -end state (how should it look when done?)