Amber Book - PPD QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT ANSWERS ALREADY
GRADED A+
Think of every large piece of outdoor equipment you might need for a large building and
decide where it should go on a site.-CORRECT ANSWER-Dumpster: out of view, far
from noses (smells bad), not near quiet-room windows (banging lids)
Transformer: between the municipal service (electrical wires on poles or electrical wires
underground) and in-building switch gear. Could be on pole, on the ground near the
building 4′ from the road, underground outside building or inside building. Ugly and
sometimes buzzes, so out of view if possible. If inside building often non-flammable
coolant needed inside the transformer.
Cooling tower: These are large. They want to be out of view and they need access to
the atmosphere so they can't be indoors. They are often near the chillers they serve, but
they can be remote if needed.
Generator: loud, but if it is a backup generator, it will be rarely used and the noise will
not be a problem. Must exhaust to outside, so typically a generator sits outside the
building. If it is an indoor generator, it must exhaust to the outside.
When given a chance, how you decide what is the least expensive construction
technique?-CORRECT ANSWER-What you see most often on construction sites is
usually the least expensive option.
OSB sheathing is more common, and less expensive, than plywood sheathing
Plywood is more common as formwork, and less expensive, than insulated concrete
forms (ICFs)
Vinyl siding is more common, and less expensive, than wood siding
Asphalt roadway is more common, and less expensive, than concrete roadway
And so on. . .
What is a right-hand reverse-bevel door?-CORRECT ANSWER-
How can we shade windows?-CORRECT ANSWER-South facing: deciduous trees,
horizontal louvers, light shelves, shade with other adjacent building masses
East- and west-facing: deciduous trees, vertical louvers, light shelves, shade with other
adjacent building masses
North-facing: shading not required
Shading lower southern sun requires longer horizontal overhangs-CORRECT
ANSWER-
,Shading higher southern sun requires _______ (shorter or longer?) horizontal
overhangs.-CORRECT ANSWER-Shading higher southern sun requires shorter
horizontal overhangs
Position the vertical louvers on the east or west face so that the "cut-off" angle of each
fin shades direct sun.-CORRECT ANSWER-The geometry of the fins vary relative to the
position of the sun (see the next card)
This geometry will vary based on the specific location of the sun (see the previous flash
card)-CORRECT ANSWER-This geometry will vary based on the specific location of the
sun (see the previous flash card)
Design a light shelf. Draw it in section. Try to get the proportions and materials correct.-
CORRECT ANSWER-A: height of light shelf should be such that it shades room
occupants from sky view
B: height of top light should be as high as possible (with "A" in mind)
C: extension of light shelf should be 1.4 times b if light shelf faces due south (1.7 times
b if light shelf faces more than 20 degrees to the east or west of south). Figure out why
that would be? (answer below). In hot climates the extension of the light shelf can be
louvers to allow built-up heat to escape upward.
x: to get light deep into the room (and therefore mitigate glare) sunlight should reflect off
top of light shelf and then off light-colored ceiling
R: because view to the sky is shaded, areas close to the window have less glare
z: top of light shelf should be painted white. In cold climates, the top surface can be
mirrored. Figure out why climate matters (answer below). Bottom of light shelf should
also be light colored so that it doesn't contrast too heavily with the bright outdoors when
viewed from within.
Answer 1: the sun is lower in the sky in the east and west than in the south, especially
near sunrise and sunset. To shade from the sun, we need to extend the light shelf
outward farther.
Answer 2: in a hot or mixed climate, a mirrored top surface would reflect unwanted heat
into the occupied space.
What is the difference between passive and active radon mitigation?-CORRECT
ANSWER-Passive system: Caulk/sealant in foundation cracks and where the slab
meets the foundation wall, and plastic sheet below the slab seals the building from the
radon in the ground. Continuous, airtight plastic pipe extends from the sub-slab gravel
straight up through the roof to allow an easy path for underground radon to escape
without entering the house. No fan needed.
Active radon mitigation: fan pulls air (and radon) through a continuous plastic pipe from
below slab or crawlspace to the atmosphere, bypassing the building. We don't want the
radon that is pulled out of the foundation to leak back into the building, so we seal the
slab; we put the fan in the attic or anywhere else outside the the enclosure; and we
discharge the radon from the pipe at least 10 feet from a window, door, or other opening
(including doors and openings in adjacent buildings), at least 10 feet off the ground, and
above the roofline, as close to the ridge as possible. Angle the pipe discharge away
,from any bulding surface to avoid moisture discharge or mildew build up on the building
wall or roof.
For new homes, a passive radon system should be installed (it's cheap, and if it needs
to be converted into an active system later because of high radon levels, simply add an
inline fan to the existing passive pipe in the attic). In areas of the country with high
radon levels, new homes should have an active system installed from the beginning.
What is the "soft story" problem?-CORRECT ANSWER-What is the "soft story"
problem?
What is the problem with the "soft story" problem?-CORRECT ANSWER-
There are urbanistic and programmatic reasons why you might want to design a tall or
flexible or otherwise different first floor. What is the "soft story" solution?-CORRECT
ANSWER-High first floors with slender columns doesn't always bring about a soft story
first floor. The problem arises when the columns are the primary resistors of lateral
force.
Calculating code stair width - image 1-CORRECT ANSWER-You calculate the stair
width-for the whole stair system-based upon the floor with the highest occupancy load.
That floor's width controls all the way up and down the exit stairs, so you don't have to
add cumulatively. For stairs serving one floor and fewer than 50 occupants, the
minimum width is 36″. For stairs serving multiple floors, the no-matter-what minimum
width (always measured between handrails) is 44″. To calculate the minimum width for
your building, you'll take the floor with the highest occupancy and multiply that
occupancy by 0.3 (multiply by 0.2 if sprinklered and not a fireworks factory or prison, but
I'm going to use 0.3 going forward for simplicity). After you multiply the highest-
occupancy floor's number of people by 0.3, that will give you a minimum TOTAL width,
inclusive of all your exit stairs. You'll split that total up between the total number of exits
required for your building:
Occupant Load per Story: 1 to 500 people: 2 stairs; 501 to 1000: 3 stairs; more than
1,000: 4 stairs
So if you have 100 people per story and four stories, you will need two exits, minimum.
You'll multiply 100*0.3 to get a minimum TOTAL stair width of 30″, divided across two
exits, which returns you 15″ per stair. But, there is a minimum stair width of 44″ so each
stair will be a minimum of 44″
If instead you have 600 people on your third story and 100 per floor on the other levels,
you'll take 600 * 0.3, which returns you 180 inches and minimum number of three exits,
so 60″ per exit stair and three exit stairwells.
Only stair widths within 30″ of a railing "count" as egress, so were the width of the
example above more than 60″ wide, we'd need an intermediate rail in the middle of the
stairs (or more likely, add a fourth stair). An intermediate stair rail looks something like
this. https://i.pinimg.com/originals/09/82/64
Calculating code stair width - image 2-CORRECT ANSWER-You calculate the stair
width-for the whole stair system-based upon the floor with the highest occupancy load.
, That Vfloor's Vwidth Vcontrols Vall Vthe Vway Vup Vand Vdown Vthe Vexit Vstairs, Vso Vyou Vdon't Vhave
Vto Vadd Vcumulatively. VFor Vstairs Vserving Vone Vfloor Vand Vfewer Vthan V50 Voccupants, Vthe
Vminimum Vwidth Vis V36″. VFor Vstairs Vserving Vmultiple Vfloors, Vthe Vno-matter-what Vminimum
Vwidth V(always Vmeasured Vbetween Vhandrails) Vis V44″. VTo Vcalculate Vthe Vminimum Vwidth
Vfor Vyour Vbuilding, Vyou'll Vtake Vthe Vfloor Vwith Vthe Vhighest Voccupancy Vand Vmultiply Vthat
Voccupancy Vby V0.3 V(multiply Vby V0.2 Vif Vsprinklered Vand Vnot Va Vfireworks Vfactory Vor
Vprison, Vbut VI'm Vgoing Vto Vuse V0.3 Vgoing Vforward Vfor Vsimplicity). VAfter Vyou Vmultiply Vthe
Vhighest-occupancy Vfloor's Vnumber Vof Vpeople Vby V0.3, Vthat Vwill Vgive Vyou Va Vminimum
VTOTAL Vwidth, Vinclusive Vof Vall Vyour Vexit Vstairs. VYou'll Vsplit Vthat Vtotal Vup Vbetween Vthe
Vtotal Vnumber Vof Vexits Vrequired Vfor Vyour Vbuilding:
Occupant VLoad Vper VStory: V1 Vto V500 Vpeople: V2 Vstairs; V501 Vto V1000: V3 Vstairs; Vmore Vthan
V1,000: V4 Vstairs
So Vif Vyou Vhave V100 Vpeople Vper Vstory Vand Vfour Vstories, Vyou Vwill Vneed Vtwo Vexits,
Vminimum. VYou'll Vmultiply V100*0.3 Vto Vget Va Vminimum VTOTAL Vstair Vwidth Vof V30″,
Vdivided Vacross Vtwo Vexits, Vwhich Vreturns Vyou V15″ Vper Vstair. VBut, Vthere Vis Va Vminimum
Vstair Vwidth Vof V44″ Vso Veach Vstair Vwill Vbe Va Vminimum Vof V44″
If Vinstead Vyou Vhave V600 Vpeople Von Vyour Vthird Vstory Vand V100 Vper Vfloor Von Vthe Vother
Vlevels, Vyou'll Vtake V600 V* V0.3, Vwhich Vreturns Vyou V180 Vinches Vand Vminimum Vnumber Vof
Vthree Vexits, Vso V60″ Vper Vexit Vstair Vand Vthree Vexit Vstairwells.
Only Vstair Vwidths Vwithin V30″ Vof Va Vrailing V"count" Vas Vegress, Vso Vwere Vthe Vwidth Vof Vthe
Vexample Vabove Vmore Vthan V60″ Vwide, Vwe'd Vneed Van Vintermediate Vrail Vin Vthe Vmiddle Vof
Vthe Vstairs V(or Vmore Vlikely, Vadd Va Vfourth Vstair). VAn Vintermediate Vstair Vrail Vlooks
Vsomething Vlike Vthis. Vhttps://i.pinimg.com/originals/09/82/64
Shear V(pin) Vvs VMoment VConnections-CORRECT VANSWER-Straighten Vout Vyour Varm
Vand Vhold Vit Vhorizontally. VNow Vuse Vyour Vhand Vto Vgrab Vthe Vshoulder Vof Va Vloved-one
Vwho Vis Vstanding Vnearby. VIf Vthat Vloved-one Vsuddenly Vmoves Vout Vof Vreach, Vdoes Vyour
Varm Vfall Vor Vdoes Vit Vremain Vhorizontal? VIf Vit Vfalls, Vyour Vshoulder Vwas Va Vshear V(or Vpin)
Vconnection. VIf Vit Vstill Vremains Voutstretched Vhorizontally Vafter Vyour Vloved-one Vmoved—if
Vit Vremains Vcantilevered Vfrom Vyour Vbody—your Vshoulder Vwas Vin Va Vmoment Vconnection.
In Vsteel, Vyou Vcan Vrecognize Va Vshear Vconnection Vbecause V(generally) Vthe Vbeam Vweb Vis
Vbolted Vor Vwelded Vto Vthe Vcolumn, Vbut Vthe Vbeam's Vflanges Vare Vnot. VShear Vconnections
Vresist Vgravity, Vbut Vdon't Vdo Vwell Vin Vthe Vpresence Vof Vlateral Vforces Vlike Vwind Vand
Vseismic. VThey Vtherefore Vneed Vadditional Vlateral Vresistance Vfrom Vcross Vbracing Vor Va
Vshear Vwall V(rigid Vlateral Vmembrane) Vso Vthat Va Vhurricane Vdoesn't Vpush Vover Vthe Vpin-
connected Vstructure. VThe Vnomenclature Vcan Vbe Vconfusing: Vshear Vconnections Vneed Va
Vshear Vwall V(or Vcross-bracing) Vto Vresist Vlateral Vforces. VImportantly, Vshear Vwalls Vor
Vcross-bracing Vare Vnot Vrequired Veverywhere—only Vin Va Vfew Vof Vthe Vstructural Vbays.
By Vcontrast Vsteel Vmoment Vconnections V(generally) Vbolt/weld Vboth Vthe Vflanges Vand Vweb
Vto Vthe Vcolumn Vand Vresist Vboth Vvertical Vgravity Vand Vlateral Vwind/seismic. VThey Vcan
Vhandle Vthe Vhurricane Vwithout Vthe Vbenefit Vof Vshear Vwalls Vor Vcross-bracing. VThe
Vadditional Vcost Vof Vattaching Vthe Vflanges Vdoesn't Vfeel Vlike Vit Vwould Vamount Vto Vthat
Vmuch Vextra Vin Va Vbuilding's Vbudget, Vat Vleast Vnot Vrelative Vto Vthe Vextra Vcost Vof Vcross-
bracing Vor Vbuilding Va Vconcrete Vshear Vwall. VBut Vgiven Vthe Vskill-level Vof Vthe Vstructural
Vsteel Vtrades, Vand Vtheir Vlocation Vhigh Vatop Vsteel Vstructures Vexposed Vto Vthe Velements,
Vthe Vextra Vcost Vof Vmoment Vconnections V(bolting Vthe Vflanges Vto Vthe Vbeam) Vis
CORRECT ANSWERS ALREADY
GRADED A+
Think of every large piece of outdoor equipment you might need for a large building and
decide where it should go on a site.-CORRECT ANSWER-Dumpster: out of view, far
from noses (smells bad), not near quiet-room windows (banging lids)
Transformer: between the municipal service (electrical wires on poles or electrical wires
underground) and in-building switch gear. Could be on pole, on the ground near the
building 4′ from the road, underground outside building or inside building. Ugly and
sometimes buzzes, so out of view if possible. If inside building often non-flammable
coolant needed inside the transformer.
Cooling tower: These are large. They want to be out of view and they need access to
the atmosphere so they can't be indoors. They are often near the chillers they serve, but
they can be remote if needed.
Generator: loud, but if it is a backup generator, it will be rarely used and the noise will
not be a problem. Must exhaust to outside, so typically a generator sits outside the
building. If it is an indoor generator, it must exhaust to the outside.
When given a chance, how you decide what is the least expensive construction
technique?-CORRECT ANSWER-What you see most often on construction sites is
usually the least expensive option.
OSB sheathing is more common, and less expensive, than plywood sheathing
Plywood is more common as formwork, and less expensive, than insulated concrete
forms (ICFs)
Vinyl siding is more common, and less expensive, than wood siding
Asphalt roadway is more common, and less expensive, than concrete roadway
And so on. . .
What is a right-hand reverse-bevel door?-CORRECT ANSWER-
How can we shade windows?-CORRECT ANSWER-South facing: deciduous trees,
horizontal louvers, light shelves, shade with other adjacent building masses
East- and west-facing: deciduous trees, vertical louvers, light shelves, shade with other
adjacent building masses
North-facing: shading not required
Shading lower southern sun requires longer horizontal overhangs-CORRECT
ANSWER-
,Shading higher southern sun requires _______ (shorter or longer?) horizontal
overhangs.-CORRECT ANSWER-Shading higher southern sun requires shorter
horizontal overhangs
Position the vertical louvers on the east or west face so that the "cut-off" angle of each
fin shades direct sun.-CORRECT ANSWER-The geometry of the fins vary relative to the
position of the sun (see the next card)
This geometry will vary based on the specific location of the sun (see the previous flash
card)-CORRECT ANSWER-This geometry will vary based on the specific location of the
sun (see the previous flash card)
Design a light shelf. Draw it in section. Try to get the proportions and materials correct.-
CORRECT ANSWER-A: height of light shelf should be such that it shades room
occupants from sky view
B: height of top light should be as high as possible (with "A" in mind)
C: extension of light shelf should be 1.4 times b if light shelf faces due south (1.7 times
b if light shelf faces more than 20 degrees to the east or west of south). Figure out why
that would be? (answer below). In hot climates the extension of the light shelf can be
louvers to allow built-up heat to escape upward.
x: to get light deep into the room (and therefore mitigate glare) sunlight should reflect off
top of light shelf and then off light-colored ceiling
R: because view to the sky is shaded, areas close to the window have less glare
z: top of light shelf should be painted white. In cold climates, the top surface can be
mirrored. Figure out why climate matters (answer below). Bottom of light shelf should
also be light colored so that it doesn't contrast too heavily with the bright outdoors when
viewed from within.
Answer 1: the sun is lower in the sky in the east and west than in the south, especially
near sunrise and sunset. To shade from the sun, we need to extend the light shelf
outward farther.
Answer 2: in a hot or mixed climate, a mirrored top surface would reflect unwanted heat
into the occupied space.
What is the difference between passive and active radon mitigation?-CORRECT
ANSWER-Passive system: Caulk/sealant in foundation cracks and where the slab
meets the foundation wall, and plastic sheet below the slab seals the building from the
radon in the ground. Continuous, airtight plastic pipe extends from the sub-slab gravel
straight up through the roof to allow an easy path for underground radon to escape
without entering the house. No fan needed.
Active radon mitigation: fan pulls air (and radon) through a continuous plastic pipe from
below slab or crawlspace to the atmosphere, bypassing the building. We don't want the
radon that is pulled out of the foundation to leak back into the building, so we seal the
slab; we put the fan in the attic or anywhere else outside the the enclosure; and we
discharge the radon from the pipe at least 10 feet from a window, door, or other opening
(including doors and openings in adjacent buildings), at least 10 feet off the ground, and
above the roofline, as close to the ridge as possible. Angle the pipe discharge away
,from any bulding surface to avoid moisture discharge or mildew build up on the building
wall or roof.
For new homes, a passive radon system should be installed (it's cheap, and if it needs
to be converted into an active system later because of high radon levels, simply add an
inline fan to the existing passive pipe in the attic). In areas of the country with high
radon levels, new homes should have an active system installed from the beginning.
What is the "soft story" problem?-CORRECT ANSWER-What is the "soft story"
problem?
What is the problem with the "soft story" problem?-CORRECT ANSWER-
There are urbanistic and programmatic reasons why you might want to design a tall or
flexible or otherwise different first floor. What is the "soft story" solution?-CORRECT
ANSWER-High first floors with slender columns doesn't always bring about a soft story
first floor. The problem arises when the columns are the primary resistors of lateral
force.
Calculating code stair width - image 1-CORRECT ANSWER-You calculate the stair
width-for the whole stair system-based upon the floor with the highest occupancy load.
That floor's width controls all the way up and down the exit stairs, so you don't have to
add cumulatively. For stairs serving one floor and fewer than 50 occupants, the
minimum width is 36″. For stairs serving multiple floors, the no-matter-what minimum
width (always measured between handrails) is 44″. To calculate the minimum width for
your building, you'll take the floor with the highest occupancy and multiply that
occupancy by 0.3 (multiply by 0.2 if sprinklered and not a fireworks factory or prison, but
I'm going to use 0.3 going forward for simplicity). After you multiply the highest-
occupancy floor's number of people by 0.3, that will give you a minimum TOTAL width,
inclusive of all your exit stairs. You'll split that total up between the total number of exits
required for your building:
Occupant Load per Story: 1 to 500 people: 2 stairs; 501 to 1000: 3 stairs; more than
1,000: 4 stairs
So if you have 100 people per story and four stories, you will need two exits, minimum.
You'll multiply 100*0.3 to get a minimum TOTAL stair width of 30″, divided across two
exits, which returns you 15″ per stair. But, there is a minimum stair width of 44″ so each
stair will be a minimum of 44″
If instead you have 600 people on your third story and 100 per floor on the other levels,
you'll take 600 * 0.3, which returns you 180 inches and minimum number of three exits,
so 60″ per exit stair and three exit stairwells.
Only stair widths within 30″ of a railing "count" as egress, so were the width of the
example above more than 60″ wide, we'd need an intermediate rail in the middle of the
stairs (or more likely, add a fourth stair). An intermediate stair rail looks something like
this. https://i.pinimg.com/originals/09/82/64
Calculating code stair width - image 2-CORRECT ANSWER-You calculate the stair
width-for the whole stair system-based upon the floor with the highest occupancy load.
, That Vfloor's Vwidth Vcontrols Vall Vthe Vway Vup Vand Vdown Vthe Vexit Vstairs, Vso Vyou Vdon't Vhave
Vto Vadd Vcumulatively. VFor Vstairs Vserving Vone Vfloor Vand Vfewer Vthan V50 Voccupants, Vthe
Vminimum Vwidth Vis V36″. VFor Vstairs Vserving Vmultiple Vfloors, Vthe Vno-matter-what Vminimum
Vwidth V(always Vmeasured Vbetween Vhandrails) Vis V44″. VTo Vcalculate Vthe Vminimum Vwidth
Vfor Vyour Vbuilding, Vyou'll Vtake Vthe Vfloor Vwith Vthe Vhighest Voccupancy Vand Vmultiply Vthat
Voccupancy Vby V0.3 V(multiply Vby V0.2 Vif Vsprinklered Vand Vnot Va Vfireworks Vfactory Vor
Vprison, Vbut VI'm Vgoing Vto Vuse V0.3 Vgoing Vforward Vfor Vsimplicity). VAfter Vyou Vmultiply Vthe
Vhighest-occupancy Vfloor's Vnumber Vof Vpeople Vby V0.3, Vthat Vwill Vgive Vyou Va Vminimum
VTOTAL Vwidth, Vinclusive Vof Vall Vyour Vexit Vstairs. VYou'll Vsplit Vthat Vtotal Vup Vbetween Vthe
Vtotal Vnumber Vof Vexits Vrequired Vfor Vyour Vbuilding:
Occupant VLoad Vper VStory: V1 Vto V500 Vpeople: V2 Vstairs; V501 Vto V1000: V3 Vstairs; Vmore Vthan
V1,000: V4 Vstairs
So Vif Vyou Vhave V100 Vpeople Vper Vstory Vand Vfour Vstories, Vyou Vwill Vneed Vtwo Vexits,
Vminimum. VYou'll Vmultiply V100*0.3 Vto Vget Va Vminimum VTOTAL Vstair Vwidth Vof V30″,
Vdivided Vacross Vtwo Vexits, Vwhich Vreturns Vyou V15″ Vper Vstair. VBut, Vthere Vis Va Vminimum
Vstair Vwidth Vof V44″ Vso Veach Vstair Vwill Vbe Va Vminimum Vof V44″
If Vinstead Vyou Vhave V600 Vpeople Von Vyour Vthird Vstory Vand V100 Vper Vfloor Von Vthe Vother
Vlevels, Vyou'll Vtake V600 V* V0.3, Vwhich Vreturns Vyou V180 Vinches Vand Vminimum Vnumber Vof
Vthree Vexits, Vso V60″ Vper Vexit Vstair Vand Vthree Vexit Vstairwells.
Only Vstair Vwidths Vwithin V30″ Vof Va Vrailing V"count" Vas Vegress, Vso Vwere Vthe Vwidth Vof Vthe
Vexample Vabove Vmore Vthan V60″ Vwide, Vwe'd Vneed Van Vintermediate Vrail Vin Vthe Vmiddle Vof
Vthe Vstairs V(or Vmore Vlikely, Vadd Va Vfourth Vstair). VAn Vintermediate Vstair Vrail Vlooks
Vsomething Vlike Vthis. Vhttps://i.pinimg.com/originals/09/82/64
Shear V(pin) Vvs VMoment VConnections-CORRECT VANSWER-Straighten Vout Vyour Varm
Vand Vhold Vit Vhorizontally. VNow Vuse Vyour Vhand Vto Vgrab Vthe Vshoulder Vof Va Vloved-one
Vwho Vis Vstanding Vnearby. VIf Vthat Vloved-one Vsuddenly Vmoves Vout Vof Vreach, Vdoes Vyour
Varm Vfall Vor Vdoes Vit Vremain Vhorizontal? VIf Vit Vfalls, Vyour Vshoulder Vwas Va Vshear V(or Vpin)
Vconnection. VIf Vit Vstill Vremains Voutstretched Vhorizontally Vafter Vyour Vloved-one Vmoved—if
Vit Vremains Vcantilevered Vfrom Vyour Vbody—your Vshoulder Vwas Vin Va Vmoment Vconnection.
In Vsteel, Vyou Vcan Vrecognize Va Vshear Vconnection Vbecause V(generally) Vthe Vbeam Vweb Vis
Vbolted Vor Vwelded Vto Vthe Vcolumn, Vbut Vthe Vbeam's Vflanges Vare Vnot. VShear Vconnections
Vresist Vgravity, Vbut Vdon't Vdo Vwell Vin Vthe Vpresence Vof Vlateral Vforces Vlike Vwind Vand
Vseismic. VThey Vtherefore Vneed Vadditional Vlateral Vresistance Vfrom Vcross Vbracing Vor Va
Vshear Vwall V(rigid Vlateral Vmembrane) Vso Vthat Va Vhurricane Vdoesn't Vpush Vover Vthe Vpin-
connected Vstructure. VThe Vnomenclature Vcan Vbe Vconfusing: Vshear Vconnections Vneed Va
Vshear Vwall V(or Vcross-bracing) Vto Vresist Vlateral Vforces. VImportantly, Vshear Vwalls Vor
Vcross-bracing Vare Vnot Vrequired Veverywhere—only Vin Va Vfew Vof Vthe Vstructural Vbays.
By Vcontrast Vsteel Vmoment Vconnections V(generally) Vbolt/weld Vboth Vthe Vflanges Vand Vweb
Vto Vthe Vcolumn Vand Vresist Vboth Vvertical Vgravity Vand Vlateral Vwind/seismic. VThey Vcan
Vhandle Vthe Vhurricane Vwithout Vthe Vbenefit Vof Vshear Vwalls Vor Vcross-bracing. VThe
Vadditional Vcost Vof Vattaching Vthe Vflanges Vdoesn't Vfeel Vlike Vit Vwould Vamount Vto Vthat
Vmuch Vextra Vin Va Vbuilding's Vbudget, Vat Vleast Vnot Vrelative Vto Vthe Vextra Vcost Vof Vcross-
bracing Vor Vbuilding Va Vconcrete Vshear Vwall. VBut Vgiven Vthe Vskill-level Vof Vthe Vstructural
Vsteel Vtrades, Vand Vtheir Vlocation Vhigh Vatop Vsteel Vstructures Vexposed Vto Vthe Velements,
Vthe Vextra Vcost Vof Vmoment Vconnections V(bolting Vthe Vflanges Vto Vthe Vbeam) Vis
