CISSN EXAM REVIEW QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS
Explain how carnosine is synthesized within the body - Correct Answers -- carnosine (B-
alanyl Histidine) is made in the body from histidine and B-alanine via an energy
dependent reaction cartelized by carnosine synthetase
-found in skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, brain, kidney, and stomach
-available in meats and absorbed in intestine via peptide transporters
- antioxidant activity (hydroxyl and superoxide radical) and oppose glycation
- suppress lipid peroxidation and react with protein carbonyl
- regulates intracellular calcium and contractility in muscle
- primarily, carnosine with pH buffering capacity is widely used in the field of sports
nutrition. Because the dissociation exponent (pKa) of carnosine is 6.83, it is suggested
that carnosine attenuates the reduction in blood pH by a large amount of H+ originating
from the dissociation of lactic acid during strenuous exercise, and suppresses a loss of
force
What is a waxy maize starch and what effect does it have on blood glucose? - Correct
Answers -- a highly branched starch called amylopectin. Water soluble and absorbed by
the gut more quickly than dextrose or maltodextrin, research has not substantiated this
claim.
-has been shown to be absorbed with less insulin, allowing ketogenic affects to remain,
increase both glycogen and FFA substrate utilization
Based on recent studies, which vitamin shows evidence of positively affecting muscle
function? - Correct Answers -Vitamin D
What is needed for gluconeogenesis in humans? Give examples of gluconeogenic
precursors? - Correct Answers -Gluconeogenesis relies upon lactate, pyruvate, glycerol
(a catabolic product of triglycerols) and certain amino acids (glutamine and alanine)
What effect does long-term coffee consumption have on Type II Diabetes? - Correct
Answers -Results suggest that moderate consumption of both caffeinated and
decaffeinated coffee may lower risk of type II diabetes in younger and middle-aged
,women. Coffee constituents other than caffeine may affect the development of type II
diabetes
How are AA used for energy? - Correct Answers -splitting amino group from the carbon
skeleton, with the amino group either disposed of through the urea cycle, or used for
nucleotide synthesis, added to pyruvate to form Alanine. Gluconeogenesis and carbon
skeleton converted to metabolites feeding catabolic energy producing pathways —
Krebs and glycolysis
Under what conditions are intramuscular AA degraded for energy? - Correct Answers -
low glucose conditions
What are the effects of glycogen storage on body mass? How much water is stored with
glycogen? - Correct Answers -3 grams water per 1 gram glycogen
What is considered dehydration as it related to % change in body weight? - Correct
Answers -minimal= 1-2% decrease
What effect does supplementing with WPI have on muscle damage? - Correct Answers
-- The major finding of this investigation was that whey protein isolate supplementation
attenuated the impairment in isometric and isokinetic muscle forces during recovery
from exercise-induced muscle injury
- The current study demonstrates that whey protein is a partially hydrolyzed (pre-
digested) form improves strength recovery rates, possibly due to an increase in the rate
of repair processes and/or a reduction in the extent of damage, from intense training, in
particular, eccentric exercise that is commonly used in weight training
When glycogen stores are depleted, what macronutrient becomes the predominant fuel
source during distance running? - Correct Answers -fat (oxidation)
How many extra kcal are required for accumulation of 1 kg of body fat? - Correct
Answers -approximately 7000
What are the effects of pre-exercise dehydration on thermoregulation and performance?
- Correct Answers -decrease thermoregulation and performance
What are the effects of L-alanyl-L-Glutamine supplementation on time-to-exhaustion
and dehydration stress? - Correct Answers -Results demonstrate that AG
supplementation provided a significant ergogenic benefit by increasing time to
exhaustion during a mild hydration stress. This ergogenic effect was likely mediated by
an enhanced fluid and electrolyte uptake
What effects can a low-carbohydrate diet have on prolonged physical activity? - Correct
Answers -Decreased glycogen synthesis, decreased performance,
overreaching/overtraining
, Approximately how many days of heat exposure does it take to fully acclimate to
exercising in the heat? - Correct Answers -Complete acclimation takes up to 14 days
What is HICA and what are the effects of its supplementation for a period of 4 weeks? -
Correct Answers -- Alfa-Hydroxy-isocaproic acid (HICA) is an end product of leucine
metabolism in human tissues such as muscle and connective tissue. According to the
clinical and experimental studies, HICA can be considered as an anti-catabolic
substance. The present study investigated the effects of HICA supplementation on body
composition, delayed onset of muscle soreness (DOMS) and physical performance of
athletes during a training period
-already a 4-week HICA supplementation of 1.5 g a day leads to small increases in
muscle mass during an intensive training period in soccer athletes
What is a BOD-POD? - Correct Answers -a body composition recording device that
uses air displacement plethysmography
Compare fat and carbohydrate oxidation during exercise. Under what conditions does
one fuel source predominate over the other? - Correct Answers --Fat oxidation primarily
occurs at low intensity long duration exercise
-Carbohydrates are oxidized preferentially during higher intensity exercise
What effect does betaine supplementation have on exercise performance? - Correct
Answers --betaine supplementation may positively affect exercise performance through
favorable lactate and preferential fatty acid substrate metabolism
- has been down to increase power, force, and maintenance
Chronic heavy resistance training causes what adaptations in skeletal muscle? - Correct
Answers -- increase in muscle strength and size (hypertrophy)
-greater increase in Type II muscle fibers
-shift in fiber type IIx to IIa
Regular aerobic training causes what adaptations in skeletal muscle? - Correct Answers
--increased oxidative capacity, increased number and size of mitochondria, increase in
enzymes of metabolic pathways involved in oxidative metabolism
---------succinate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase (krebs cycle tricarboxylic acid
cycle)
What has the greatest effect on the sedentary person's daily energy expenditure? -
Correct Answers -resting metabolic rate
What activities or sports use ATP-PCr energy system as the main energy system? -
Correct Answers -short, high intensity sports (sprinting, power lifting, high jump, long
jump)
What dose of creatine, after creatine loading, will maintain elevated creatine levels for
28 days? - Correct Answers -A typical creatine supplementation protocol of either a
ANSWERS
Explain how carnosine is synthesized within the body - Correct Answers -- carnosine (B-
alanyl Histidine) is made in the body from histidine and B-alanine via an energy
dependent reaction cartelized by carnosine synthetase
-found in skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, brain, kidney, and stomach
-available in meats and absorbed in intestine via peptide transporters
- antioxidant activity (hydroxyl and superoxide radical) and oppose glycation
- suppress lipid peroxidation and react with protein carbonyl
- regulates intracellular calcium and contractility in muscle
- primarily, carnosine with pH buffering capacity is widely used in the field of sports
nutrition. Because the dissociation exponent (pKa) of carnosine is 6.83, it is suggested
that carnosine attenuates the reduction in blood pH by a large amount of H+ originating
from the dissociation of lactic acid during strenuous exercise, and suppresses a loss of
force
What is a waxy maize starch and what effect does it have on blood glucose? - Correct
Answers -- a highly branched starch called amylopectin. Water soluble and absorbed by
the gut more quickly than dextrose or maltodextrin, research has not substantiated this
claim.
-has been shown to be absorbed with less insulin, allowing ketogenic affects to remain,
increase both glycogen and FFA substrate utilization
Based on recent studies, which vitamin shows evidence of positively affecting muscle
function? - Correct Answers -Vitamin D
What is needed for gluconeogenesis in humans? Give examples of gluconeogenic
precursors? - Correct Answers -Gluconeogenesis relies upon lactate, pyruvate, glycerol
(a catabolic product of triglycerols) and certain amino acids (glutamine and alanine)
What effect does long-term coffee consumption have on Type II Diabetes? - Correct
Answers -Results suggest that moderate consumption of both caffeinated and
decaffeinated coffee may lower risk of type II diabetes in younger and middle-aged
,women. Coffee constituents other than caffeine may affect the development of type II
diabetes
How are AA used for energy? - Correct Answers -splitting amino group from the carbon
skeleton, with the amino group either disposed of through the urea cycle, or used for
nucleotide synthesis, added to pyruvate to form Alanine. Gluconeogenesis and carbon
skeleton converted to metabolites feeding catabolic energy producing pathways —
Krebs and glycolysis
Under what conditions are intramuscular AA degraded for energy? - Correct Answers -
low glucose conditions
What are the effects of glycogen storage on body mass? How much water is stored with
glycogen? - Correct Answers -3 grams water per 1 gram glycogen
What is considered dehydration as it related to % change in body weight? - Correct
Answers -minimal= 1-2% decrease
What effect does supplementing with WPI have on muscle damage? - Correct Answers
-- The major finding of this investigation was that whey protein isolate supplementation
attenuated the impairment in isometric and isokinetic muscle forces during recovery
from exercise-induced muscle injury
- The current study demonstrates that whey protein is a partially hydrolyzed (pre-
digested) form improves strength recovery rates, possibly due to an increase in the rate
of repair processes and/or a reduction in the extent of damage, from intense training, in
particular, eccentric exercise that is commonly used in weight training
When glycogen stores are depleted, what macronutrient becomes the predominant fuel
source during distance running? - Correct Answers -fat (oxidation)
How many extra kcal are required for accumulation of 1 kg of body fat? - Correct
Answers -approximately 7000
What are the effects of pre-exercise dehydration on thermoregulation and performance?
- Correct Answers -decrease thermoregulation and performance
What are the effects of L-alanyl-L-Glutamine supplementation on time-to-exhaustion
and dehydration stress? - Correct Answers -Results demonstrate that AG
supplementation provided a significant ergogenic benefit by increasing time to
exhaustion during a mild hydration stress. This ergogenic effect was likely mediated by
an enhanced fluid and electrolyte uptake
What effects can a low-carbohydrate diet have on prolonged physical activity? - Correct
Answers -Decreased glycogen synthesis, decreased performance,
overreaching/overtraining
, Approximately how many days of heat exposure does it take to fully acclimate to
exercising in the heat? - Correct Answers -Complete acclimation takes up to 14 days
What is HICA and what are the effects of its supplementation for a period of 4 weeks? -
Correct Answers -- Alfa-Hydroxy-isocaproic acid (HICA) is an end product of leucine
metabolism in human tissues such as muscle and connective tissue. According to the
clinical and experimental studies, HICA can be considered as an anti-catabolic
substance. The present study investigated the effects of HICA supplementation on body
composition, delayed onset of muscle soreness (DOMS) and physical performance of
athletes during a training period
-already a 4-week HICA supplementation of 1.5 g a day leads to small increases in
muscle mass during an intensive training period in soccer athletes
What is a BOD-POD? - Correct Answers -a body composition recording device that
uses air displacement plethysmography
Compare fat and carbohydrate oxidation during exercise. Under what conditions does
one fuel source predominate over the other? - Correct Answers --Fat oxidation primarily
occurs at low intensity long duration exercise
-Carbohydrates are oxidized preferentially during higher intensity exercise
What effect does betaine supplementation have on exercise performance? - Correct
Answers --betaine supplementation may positively affect exercise performance through
favorable lactate and preferential fatty acid substrate metabolism
- has been down to increase power, force, and maintenance
Chronic heavy resistance training causes what adaptations in skeletal muscle? - Correct
Answers -- increase in muscle strength and size (hypertrophy)
-greater increase in Type II muscle fibers
-shift in fiber type IIx to IIa
Regular aerobic training causes what adaptations in skeletal muscle? - Correct Answers
--increased oxidative capacity, increased number and size of mitochondria, increase in
enzymes of metabolic pathways involved in oxidative metabolism
---------succinate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase (krebs cycle tricarboxylic acid
cycle)
What has the greatest effect on the sedentary person's daily energy expenditure? -
Correct Answers -resting metabolic rate
What activities or sports use ATP-PCr energy system as the main energy system? -
Correct Answers -short, high intensity sports (sprinting, power lifting, high jump, long
jump)
What dose of creatine, after creatine loading, will maintain elevated creatine levels for
28 days? - Correct Answers -A typical creatine supplementation protocol of either a
