Study Strategies and Preparation Tips for the
NTRI 2000 Final Exam
A Comprehensive Exam Study Guide Current
Updated Edition 2025/2026
food - ansany substance that the body can take in and assimilate that will enable it to stay
alive and grow
niacin - ansvitamin b3
coenzyme forms used in energy metabolism and carry electrons
can be synthesized from tryptophan
insulin - ansglucagon and epinephrine balance and inversely regulate the activities of
_______.
69% - anspercentage of overweight adults in the U.S.
60mg tryptophan - ans1 mg niacin
carbohydrate - ansmade up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
fuel all cells of the body (glucose specifically)
yield 4 kcal/gram
overweight - anscharacterized as weight above normal or desirable
lipids - ansdo not dissolve in water
different structures and functions
necessary for absorption and transportation of fat-soluble vitamins
3 classes; 2 types
Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) - ansstandards in U.S. and Canada; set values for vitamins
and minerals, carbs, lipids, proteins, fiber, water, and energy
pellagra - ansniacin deficiency
"rough skin"
poor appetite, weight loss, weakness, dementia, dermatitis, diarrhea, death
protein - anscontain nitrogen
10-35% of daily calories
makes up many body components (lean body tissue, enzymes, hormones)
regulates/maintains body functions
provides structure and movement
made of amino acids
needs highest during infancy and adolescent growth spurts
35% - anspercentage of total population in U.S. that is obese
catabolic process - ansbreaking down larger molecule to smaller
slow vs. fast carbs - ansbodies react uniquely to different carbs
influenced by properties of food (fiber, protein, fat, etc.)
obesity - ansexcess adiposity
associated with significantly increased risk for health problems
at risk for pellagra - ansalcoholics
genetic disorder of tryptophan metabolism
corn based diets
energy from lipids - ans9 kcal/g
37% - answomen are considered obese when they have greater than ___% body fat
niacin toxicity - ans> 100 mg
headache, itching, flushing of the skin
glucose - ansusable form of carbohydrates
nutrition - ansthe science that links nutrients in foods and in the body to health and disease
includes processes by which the human organism ingests and D.A.T.E.s
energy from protein - ans4 kcal/g
24% - ansmen are considered obese when they have greater than ___% body fat
,Study Strategies and Preparation Tips for the
NTRI 2000 Final Exam
A Comprehensive Exam Study Guide Current
Updated Edition 2025/2026
lowering blood lipid levels - anshigh dose of niacin can be helpful for _______
energy balance - ansthe state in which energy intake, in the form of food and beverages,
matches energy expended, primarily through basal metabolism and physical activity
niacin food sources - ansenriched grains and cereals, beef, poultry
large insulin response - ansleads to high blood TGs, increased fat synthesis, and a more rapid
return of hunger
anabolic process - anssynthesizing larger molecules from smaller
pantothenic acid - anspart of coenzyme A
essential for metabolism of carbs, proteins, and fat
non-toxic
Daily Value (DV) - ansset of nutrition standards useful in making comparisons between two
products; nutrient standard used on food labels based on the nutrient recommendations for a
2000 kcal eating pattern
not intake recommendation but rather an indication of the contents
energy balance equation - ansenergy input = energy output
fat and oil - ans2 types of lipids
diet - ansthe foods and beverages a person usually eats and drinks
enzymes - ansspeed up chemical reactions
energy input - ansacquiring nutrients and kcal through consumption of food and beverages
pantothenic acid deficiency - ansrare
usually in combination with deficiencies of other vitamins
energy output - ansthe kcals expended (burned) each day
pantothenic acid food sources - ansmilk, mushrooms, liver, peanuts
Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) - ansaverage daily nutrient intake level that meets
the needs of nearly all (97-98%) HEALTHY people in a particular life stage and gender
group
derived from lots of experimental evidence
hormones - anschemical messengers
cell - ansbasic structural and functional unit of life
self-contained, living entity
requires nutrients and oxygen
specialized to perform particular functions
triglycerides, phospholipids, sterols - ans3 classes of lipids
positive energy balance - ansinput > output = weight gain
required during pregnancy, infancy, and childhood for normal growth/development
biotin functions - anscoenzyme - ligase rxns of carbs and fat, degradation of certain amino
acids
"Hair, skin, and nails" supplement
glycogen - ansstorage form of carbohydrates
frequent large insulin responses - ansmuscles could become resistant to insulin
negative energy balance - ansinput < output = weight loss
results in reduction of adipose tissue
biotin - ansexists in a free and bound form in food
non-toxic, but supplements can interfere with diagnostic blood work (troponin tests for heart
attack)
bomb calorimeter - ansmeasures calorie content by burning a dried portion of food
,Study Strategies and Preparation Tips for the
NTRI 2000 Final Exam
A Comprehensive Exam Study Guide Current
Updated Edition 2025/2026
the burning food raises the temperature of the water surrounding the chamber holding it, and
the increase in water temp indicated number of calories
avidin - ansinhibits absorption of biotin, but cooking denatures it
glycemic index - ansmeasures glycemic response and associated insulin release
ratio of blood glucose response to a given food compared to a standard
nutrients - anscomponents of food that are indispensable to the body's functioning
provide energy, serve as building material, help maintain/repair body parts, support growth
Adequate Intakes (AI) - ansthe recommended average daily nutrient intake level that appears
to be adequate for people of a particular life stage or gender group to maintain health
used when not enough evidence is available to from an RDA
triglycerides - ans3 FAs attached to glycerol
most common type of lipid found in food and body
FAs can be removed
components of energy output - ansbasal metabolic rate
activity thermogenesis (PA)
thermic effect of food (DATE of nutrients)
biotin deficiency - ansrare
scaly inflamed skin; changes in tongue, lips; decreased appetite, nausea, vomiting
body organization - anscell, tissue, organ, organ system
amino acids - anssingle carbon with hydrogen, amino group (N-containing), acid group, and a
variable R-side chain attached
20 different ones make up ALL proteins
basal metabolism - ansthe minimal amount of calories the body uses to support itself in a
fasting state when resting and in a warm and quiet environment
includes energy needed for maintaining heartbeat, respiration, and body temp (NOT PA or
DATE)
50-65% of total energy needs
biotin food sources - ansegg yolk, liver
pyridoxine - ansvitamin B6
family of three structurally similar compounds that are all converted to active coenzyme form
(PLP)
standard of glycemic index - answhite bread glucose (usually)
factors that increase basal metabolism - ansbody surface area (weight, height)
lean body mass (muscle)
gender (male has higher BMR than female)
45-65% kcal - answhat percentage of your diet every day should be carbohydrates?
where are carbohydrates found? - ansplant sources (legumes, fruits, veggies, and grains)
some are found in animals sources (dairy)
R-side chain - ansdetermines amino acid
different shapes, sizes, and electrical charges
(positive = basic, negative = acidic)
factors that decrease basal metabolism - ansdecreases 10-20% during low kcal intake (ex:
dieting)
declines about 1-2% every decade past age of 30
pyridoxine functions - ansactivates enzymes needed for metabolism of macros
synthesize non-EAAs, neurotransmitters, hemoglobin and WBC
role in homocysteine metabolism
, Study Strategies and Preparation Tips for the
NTRI 2000 Final Exam
A Comprehensive Exam Study Guide Current
Updated Edition 2025/2026
Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) - ansthe highest average daily nutrient intake level that is
unlikely to cause negative health effects long-term
high GI foods - ansrapid spike in blood glucose and insulin release
ex: foods w/ simple sugars, little fibers
physical activity - ansaccounts for 25-50% of energy expended (dependent on activity level)
includes EAT and NEAT
pyridoxine deficiency - anscardiovascular, immune, and nervous systems affected
depression, vomiting, skin disorders, anemia
alcoholism increases susceptibility
pyridoxine high-dose therapy - ans30-75 mg/day can reduce nausea during pregnancy
glycerol - answater-soluble carbohydrate derivative
exercise activity thermogenesis (EAT) - ansplanned, structured physical activity
ex: going for a run or lifting weights
support your body's growth and maintenance
provide right amount of energy and nutrients - answhat do the best foods do?
phospholipid bilayer - ansmakes up cell membrane; allows for passage of substances and
identification of structures
essential amino acids - ansnine amino acids the body cannot produce
must be supplied by the diet
non-exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT) - ansnon-voluntary activity
ex: fidgeting, walking to class, taking stairs
pyridoxine toxicity - ans2-6 mg/day for >2 months causes irreversible nerve damage, walking
difficulties, and hand and foot numbness
chronic diseases - ansdegenerative conditions or illnesses that progress slowly, are long in
duration, and lack an immediate cure
linked to poor diet (risk factor for 2/3 of ALL deaths)
nonessential amino acids - ans11 amino acids that can be synthesized by the body
thermic effect of food - ansenergy used to digest, absorb, and metabolize food nutrients
5-10% of energy expenditure
highest for protein > carb > fat
larger meals = higher ____
pyridoxine food sources - anspoultry, fortified cereals
folate - ansvitamin B9
diglyceride - anstriglyceride with one FA removed
thermoregulation - ansthe ability to maintain body temperature within narrow limits
Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) - ansthe average daily nutrient intake estimated to
meet the needs of half of healthy individuals (lower than RDA)
cholesterol - anspart of each cell membrane; provides rigidity and stability
low GI foods - ansslower increase in blood glucose
ex: higher fiber, higher fat foods
thermogenesis - ansproducing heat to maintain body temperature
folate functions - anshelps to synthesize DNA (cancer protection) and metabolize AAs
homocysteine metabolism (excess Hcy can cause CVD)
formation of neurotransmitters
RBC synthesis
photosynthesis - answater taken up by the roots donates H and O
CO2 taken up by leaves donates C and O
NTRI 2000 Final Exam
A Comprehensive Exam Study Guide Current
Updated Edition 2025/2026
food - ansany substance that the body can take in and assimilate that will enable it to stay
alive and grow
niacin - ansvitamin b3
coenzyme forms used in energy metabolism and carry electrons
can be synthesized from tryptophan
insulin - ansglucagon and epinephrine balance and inversely regulate the activities of
_______.
69% - anspercentage of overweight adults in the U.S.
60mg tryptophan - ans1 mg niacin
carbohydrate - ansmade up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
fuel all cells of the body (glucose specifically)
yield 4 kcal/gram
overweight - anscharacterized as weight above normal or desirable
lipids - ansdo not dissolve in water
different structures and functions
necessary for absorption and transportation of fat-soluble vitamins
3 classes; 2 types
Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) - ansstandards in U.S. and Canada; set values for vitamins
and minerals, carbs, lipids, proteins, fiber, water, and energy
pellagra - ansniacin deficiency
"rough skin"
poor appetite, weight loss, weakness, dementia, dermatitis, diarrhea, death
protein - anscontain nitrogen
10-35% of daily calories
makes up many body components (lean body tissue, enzymes, hormones)
regulates/maintains body functions
provides structure and movement
made of amino acids
needs highest during infancy and adolescent growth spurts
35% - anspercentage of total population in U.S. that is obese
catabolic process - ansbreaking down larger molecule to smaller
slow vs. fast carbs - ansbodies react uniquely to different carbs
influenced by properties of food (fiber, protein, fat, etc.)
obesity - ansexcess adiposity
associated with significantly increased risk for health problems
at risk for pellagra - ansalcoholics
genetic disorder of tryptophan metabolism
corn based diets
energy from lipids - ans9 kcal/g
37% - answomen are considered obese when they have greater than ___% body fat
niacin toxicity - ans> 100 mg
headache, itching, flushing of the skin
glucose - ansusable form of carbohydrates
nutrition - ansthe science that links nutrients in foods and in the body to health and disease
includes processes by which the human organism ingests and D.A.T.E.s
energy from protein - ans4 kcal/g
24% - ansmen are considered obese when they have greater than ___% body fat
,Study Strategies and Preparation Tips for the
NTRI 2000 Final Exam
A Comprehensive Exam Study Guide Current
Updated Edition 2025/2026
lowering blood lipid levels - anshigh dose of niacin can be helpful for _______
energy balance - ansthe state in which energy intake, in the form of food and beverages,
matches energy expended, primarily through basal metabolism and physical activity
niacin food sources - ansenriched grains and cereals, beef, poultry
large insulin response - ansleads to high blood TGs, increased fat synthesis, and a more rapid
return of hunger
anabolic process - anssynthesizing larger molecules from smaller
pantothenic acid - anspart of coenzyme A
essential for metabolism of carbs, proteins, and fat
non-toxic
Daily Value (DV) - ansset of nutrition standards useful in making comparisons between two
products; nutrient standard used on food labels based on the nutrient recommendations for a
2000 kcal eating pattern
not intake recommendation but rather an indication of the contents
energy balance equation - ansenergy input = energy output
fat and oil - ans2 types of lipids
diet - ansthe foods and beverages a person usually eats and drinks
enzymes - ansspeed up chemical reactions
energy input - ansacquiring nutrients and kcal through consumption of food and beverages
pantothenic acid deficiency - ansrare
usually in combination with deficiencies of other vitamins
energy output - ansthe kcals expended (burned) each day
pantothenic acid food sources - ansmilk, mushrooms, liver, peanuts
Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) - ansaverage daily nutrient intake level that meets
the needs of nearly all (97-98%) HEALTHY people in a particular life stage and gender
group
derived from lots of experimental evidence
hormones - anschemical messengers
cell - ansbasic structural and functional unit of life
self-contained, living entity
requires nutrients and oxygen
specialized to perform particular functions
triglycerides, phospholipids, sterols - ans3 classes of lipids
positive energy balance - ansinput > output = weight gain
required during pregnancy, infancy, and childhood for normal growth/development
biotin functions - anscoenzyme - ligase rxns of carbs and fat, degradation of certain amino
acids
"Hair, skin, and nails" supplement
glycogen - ansstorage form of carbohydrates
frequent large insulin responses - ansmuscles could become resistant to insulin
negative energy balance - ansinput < output = weight loss
results in reduction of adipose tissue
biotin - ansexists in a free and bound form in food
non-toxic, but supplements can interfere with diagnostic blood work (troponin tests for heart
attack)
bomb calorimeter - ansmeasures calorie content by burning a dried portion of food
,Study Strategies and Preparation Tips for the
NTRI 2000 Final Exam
A Comprehensive Exam Study Guide Current
Updated Edition 2025/2026
the burning food raises the temperature of the water surrounding the chamber holding it, and
the increase in water temp indicated number of calories
avidin - ansinhibits absorption of biotin, but cooking denatures it
glycemic index - ansmeasures glycemic response and associated insulin release
ratio of blood glucose response to a given food compared to a standard
nutrients - anscomponents of food that are indispensable to the body's functioning
provide energy, serve as building material, help maintain/repair body parts, support growth
Adequate Intakes (AI) - ansthe recommended average daily nutrient intake level that appears
to be adequate for people of a particular life stage or gender group to maintain health
used when not enough evidence is available to from an RDA
triglycerides - ans3 FAs attached to glycerol
most common type of lipid found in food and body
FAs can be removed
components of energy output - ansbasal metabolic rate
activity thermogenesis (PA)
thermic effect of food (DATE of nutrients)
biotin deficiency - ansrare
scaly inflamed skin; changes in tongue, lips; decreased appetite, nausea, vomiting
body organization - anscell, tissue, organ, organ system
amino acids - anssingle carbon with hydrogen, amino group (N-containing), acid group, and a
variable R-side chain attached
20 different ones make up ALL proteins
basal metabolism - ansthe minimal amount of calories the body uses to support itself in a
fasting state when resting and in a warm and quiet environment
includes energy needed for maintaining heartbeat, respiration, and body temp (NOT PA or
DATE)
50-65% of total energy needs
biotin food sources - ansegg yolk, liver
pyridoxine - ansvitamin B6
family of three structurally similar compounds that are all converted to active coenzyme form
(PLP)
standard of glycemic index - answhite bread glucose (usually)
factors that increase basal metabolism - ansbody surface area (weight, height)
lean body mass (muscle)
gender (male has higher BMR than female)
45-65% kcal - answhat percentage of your diet every day should be carbohydrates?
where are carbohydrates found? - ansplant sources (legumes, fruits, veggies, and grains)
some are found in animals sources (dairy)
R-side chain - ansdetermines amino acid
different shapes, sizes, and electrical charges
(positive = basic, negative = acidic)
factors that decrease basal metabolism - ansdecreases 10-20% during low kcal intake (ex:
dieting)
declines about 1-2% every decade past age of 30
pyridoxine functions - ansactivates enzymes needed for metabolism of macros
synthesize non-EAAs, neurotransmitters, hemoglobin and WBC
role in homocysteine metabolism
, Study Strategies and Preparation Tips for the
NTRI 2000 Final Exam
A Comprehensive Exam Study Guide Current
Updated Edition 2025/2026
Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) - ansthe highest average daily nutrient intake level that is
unlikely to cause negative health effects long-term
high GI foods - ansrapid spike in blood glucose and insulin release
ex: foods w/ simple sugars, little fibers
physical activity - ansaccounts for 25-50% of energy expended (dependent on activity level)
includes EAT and NEAT
pyridoxine deficiency - anscardiovascular, immune, and nervous systems affected
depression, vomiting, skin disorders, anemia
alcoholism increases susceptibility
pyridoxine high-dose therapy - ans30-75 mg/day can reduce nausea during pregnancy
glycerol - answater-soluble carbohydrate derivative
exercise activity thermogenesis (EAT) - ansplanned, structured physical activity
ex: going for a run or lifting weights
support your body's growth and maintenance
provide right amount of energy and nutrients - answhat do the best foods do?
phospholipid bilayer - ansmakes up cell membrane; allows for passage of substances and
identification of structures
essential amino acids - ansnine amino acids the body cannot produce
must be supplied by the diet
non-exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT) - ansnon-voluntary activity
ex: fidgeting, walking to class, taking stairs
pyridoxine toxicity - ans2-6 mg/day for >2 months causes irreversible nerve damage, walking
difficulties, and hand and foot numbness
chronic diseases - ansdegenerative conditions or illnesses that progress slowly, are long in
duration, and lack an immediate cure
linked to poor diet (risk factor for 2/3 of ALL deaths)
nonessential amino acids - ans11 amino acids that can be synthesized by the body
thermic effect of food - ansenergy used to digest, absorb, and metabolize food nutrients
5-10% of energy expenditure
highest for protein > carb > fat
larger meals = higher ____
pyridoxine food sources - anspoultry, fortified cereals
folate - ansvitamin B9
diglyceride - anstriglyceride with one FA removed
thermoregulation - ansthe ability to maintain body temperature within narrow limits
Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) - ansthe average daily nutrient intake estimated to
meet the needs of half of healthy individuals (lower than RDA)
cholesterol - anspart of each cell membrane; provides rigidity and stability
low GI foods - ansslower increase in blood glucose
ex: higher fiber, higher fat foods
thermogenesis - ansproducing heat to maintain body temperature
folate functions - anshelps to synthesize DNA (cancer protection) and metabolize AAs
homocysteine metabolism (excess Hcy can cause CVD)
formation of neurotransmitters
RBC synthesis
photosynthesis - answater taken up by the roots donates H and O
CO2 taken up by leaves donates C and O
