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Umbilical Region - ANS• Centermost abdominopelvic region
• Deep to and surrounding the umbilicus
Epigastric Region - ANS• Located superior to the umbilical region
• epi = upon, above; gastri =belly
Hypogastric Region - ANS• Located inferior to the umbilical region
• a.k.a. pubic region
• hypo = below
Right & Left Iliac Regions - ANS• a.k.a. inguinal region
• Located lateral to the hypogastric region
• iliac = superior part of the hip bone
Right & Left Lumbar Regions - ANS• Lie lateral to the umbilical region; lumbus = loin
Right & Left Hypochondriac Regions - ANS• Lie lateral to the epigastric region and deep to
the ribs
• chondro = cartilage
Anatomical Position - ANS• Anatomical reference point; a standard body position
• Ensures descriptions of structural relationships are the same
Coronal Plane - ANS• Divides the body into front and back (anterior/posterior)
• a.k.a. frontal plane
Sagittal Plane - ANS• Divides the body into left and right halves
• All sagittal planes offset from the center of the body are parasagittal
Median Plane - ANS• a.k.a. midsagittal plane
• A sagittal plane that lies exactly in the midline
Transverse Plane - ANS• a.k.a. horizontal plane
• Runs horizontally from right to left
• Divides the body into superior and inferior parts
• A transverse section is also called a cross section
Dorsal Body Cavity - ANS• Protects the fragile nervous system organs (brain & spinal cord)
• Has two subdivisions: cranial & vertebral/spinal cavities
Ventral Body Cavity - ANS• More anterior and larger of the closed body cavities
• Two major subdivisions: thoracic & abdominopelvic cavities
• Houses internal organs collectively called viscera, or visceral organs
Cranial Cavity - ANS• In the skull; encases the brain
• Continuous with the vertebral/spinal cavity
Vertebral/Spinal Cavity - ANS• Runs within the bony vertebral column
• Encloses the spinal cord
Body Cavities - ANS• Two sets of internal body cavities: dorsal & ventral body cavities
• Closed to the outside
• Provide degrees of protection to organs contained within
• Dorsal/ventral differ in mode of embryonic dev. & lining membranes
• Not widely used anatomical reference; a useful learning concept
,Excel in Your RMT MCQ Exit
Examination
A Comprehensive Exam Study Guide for
Guaranteed Success.
Top Rated Exam Guide to Grade A+
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Anatomy - ANS• The structure of body parts and their relationships to one another
Dorsiflexion - ANS• Lifting the foot so that its superior surface approaches the shin
• Corresponds to wrist extension
Plantarflexion - ANS• Depressing the foot (pointing the toes)
• Corresponds to wrist flexion
Inversion - ANS• Sole of the foot turns medially
Eversion - ANS• Sole of the foot faces laterally
Protraction - ANS• Non angular anterior movements in a transverse plane
• The mandible is protracted when you jut out your jaw
Retraction - ANS• Non angular posterior movements in a transverse plane
• The mandible is retracted when you bring it back from protraction
Elevation - ANS• Lifting a body part superiorly
• Example, the scapulae are elevated when you shrug your shoulders
Depression - ANS• Moving the elevated part inferiorly
• During chewing, the mandible is alternately elevated & depressed
Opposition - ANS• Action of touching thumb to tips of other fingers on same hand
• Occurs at saddle joint between metacarpal I & trapezium
Prime Mover - ANS• Muscle that has major responsibility for producing a specific mvmt
• a.k.a. agonist or "leader"
Antagonist - ANS• Mm that oppose, or reverse, a movement; "against the leaders"
• Help regulate action of prime movers by contracting to provide resistance
• Located on opposite sides of the joint across which they act
Synergist - ANS• syn = together, erg = work
• Help prime movers by: adding extra force to the same movement
• Reducing undesirable or unnecessary movements that might occur
Fixator - ANS• Muscles that help maintain upright posture
• Type of synergist; when mm immobilizes a bone or muscle origin
• Provides the prime mover with a stable base on which to act
Flexion - ANS• Bending movement, usually along the sagittal plane
• Decreases the angle of the joint; brings articulating bones together
Extension - ANS• Involves movement along the sagittal plane
• Increases the angle between the articulating bones
• Typically straightens a flexed limb or body part
• Continuing such mvmts beyond anatomical position is hyperextension
Abduction - ANS• "moving away"
• Mvmt of limb away from midline/median, along frontal plane
• Raising the arm or thigh laterally is an example
• For fingers/toes: spreading them apart; "midline" is the longest digit
Acetabulum - ANS• Cuplike cavity on lateral surface of the hip bone that receives the femur
• Faces inferolaterally, w/the acetabulur notch directly inferiorly
,Excel in Your RMT MCQ Exit
Examination
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• Formed by all three bones forming the hip bone
Adduction - ANS• "moving toward"
• Movement of a limb toward the body midline
• In the case of the digits, toward the midline of the hand or foot
Amphiarthrosis - ANS• A slightly movable joint
Anastomosis - ANS• A union or joining of nerves, blood vessels, or lymphatics
Angular Movement - ANS• Increase or decrease the angle b/w two bones
• May occur in any plane of the body
• Flexion, extension, hyperextension, ab- & ad-duction, circumduction
Aorta - ANS• Major systemic artery
• Arises from the left ventricle of the heart
Arteries - ANS• Blood vessels that conduct blood away from the heart and into circulation
Aponeurosis - ANS• Fibrous or membranous sheet connecting a muscle & part it moves
• Flat broad CT sheath attaching muscle to bone
Atria - ANS• The two superior receiving chambers of the heart
Atrioventricular (AV) Node - ANS• Specialized mass of conducting cells
• Located at the atrioventricular jct. in the heart
Atrioventricular (AV) Valve - ANS• Prevents backflow into the atrium when the connected
ventricle is contracting
Autonomic Nervous System - ANS• a.k.a. involuntary or visceral motor system
• Efferent division of peripheral nervous system
• Innervates cardiac & smooth muscles and glands
Biaxial Movement - ANS• Movement in two planes
Circumduction - ANS• Moving a limb so that it describes a cone;
• circum = around; duco = to draw
• Distal end of the limb moves in a circle
• Point of the cone is stationary
• Consists of flexion, abduction, extension, & adduction in succession
• Thumb: extension, adduction, flexion, abduction
CN I: Olfactory - ANS• Fxn: Purely sensory; carry afferent impulses for sense of smell
• CT: Client asked to sniff aromatic substances
• Injury: Partial/total loss of smell; possibly caused by # of ethmoid
CN II: Optic - ANS• Fxn: Purely sensory; carry afferent impulses for vision
• CT: Vision and visual field are determined w/eye chart
• Injury: Results in blindness in eye served by nerve"
CN III: Oculomotor - ANS• "eye mover"
• Supplies four of the six extrinsic mm. moving the eyeball in the orbit
• CT: Pupils are examined for size, shape and equality
CN IV: Trochlear - ANS• Innervates an extrinsic eye muscle
• Injury: Results in double vision & reduced ability to rotate eye
, Excel in Your RMT MCQ Exit
Examination
A Comprehensive Exam Study Guide for
Guaranteed Success.
Top Rated Exam Guide to Grade A+
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CN V: Trigeminal - ANS• Largest of the cranial nerves
• Supplies sensory fibres to the face and
• Supplies motor fibres to the chewing muscles
• Injury: Trigeminal neuralgia caused by inflammation
CN VI: Abducens - ANS• Fxn: Primarily motor
• Injury: Eye cannot move laterally; affected eyeball rotates medially
Condyloid Joint - ANS• Biaxial joints: flexion, extension, abduction, adduction
· Metacarpophalangeal (knuckle) joints, wrist joints
Cranial Nerves - ANS• Twelve pairs
• First 2 pairs attach to the forebrain, rest are assoc. with brain stem
• Serves head & neck, except for vagus, which extend into abdomen
Fascia - ANS• Composed of dense irregular connective tissue
• Sheet or band of fibrous connective tissues
• Compartmentalises muscle groups
• Separates and connects various body structures
Flat Bone - ANS• Thin, flattened, and usually a bit curved
• Sternum, scapulae, ribs, and most skull bones
Sternum - ANS• "breastbone"
Scapulae - ANS• "shoulder blades"
Gliding Movement - ANS• When flat (or nearly flat) bone surface glides/slips over another
• Back-and-forth and side-to-side
• Occurs at intercarpal & intertarsal jts; articular processes of vertebrae"
Hinge Joint - ANS• Uniaxial movements: flexion, extension
· Elbow joints, interphalangeal joints
Insertion - ANS• Attached to the moveable bone
Irregular Bone - ANS• Complicated shapes that fit no other bone classes
• Examples: vertebrae and hip bones
Long Bone - ANS• Bones that are longer than they are wide
• Has a shaft plus two ends which are often expanded
• All limb bones except patella and the wrist and ankle bones
• Named for their elongated shape, not their overall size
Arachnoid Mater - ANS• "weblike"
• Middle layer of the three meninges
Patella - ANS• "kneecap"
Multiaxial Movement - ANS•Movement in or around all three planes of space and axes
Nonaxial Movement - ANS• Slipping movements only
• No axis around which movement can occur
Origin - ANS• Attached to the immovable (or less moveable) bone
Parasympathetic Division of ANS - ANS• Conserves energy, resource replenishment &
storage
Examination
A Comprehensive Exam Study Guide for
Guaranteed Success.
Top Rated Exam Guide to Grade A+
Pass
Umbilical Region - ANS• Centermost abdominopelvic region
• Deep to and surrounding the umbilicus
Epigastric Region - ANS• Located superior to the umbilical region
• epi = upon, above; gastri =belly
Hypogastric Region - ANS• Located inferior to the umbilical region
• a.k.a. pubic region
• hypo = below
Right & Left Iliac Regions - ANS• a.k.a. inguinal region
• Located lateral to the hypogastric region
• iliac = superior part of the hip bone
Right & Left Lumbar Regions - ANS• Lie lateral to the umbilical region; lumbus = loin
Right & Left Hypochondriac Regions - ANS• Lie lateral to the epigastric region and deep to
the ribs
• chondro = cartilage
Anatomical Position - ANS• Anatomical reference point; a standard body position
• Ensures descriptions of structural relationships are the same
Coronal Plane - ANS• Divides the body into front and back (anterior/posterior)
• a.k.a. frontal plane
Sagittal Plane - ANS• Divides the body into left and right halves
• All sagittal planes offset from the center of the body are parasagittal
Median Plane - ANS• a.k.a. midsagittal plane
• A sagittal plane that lies exactly in the midline
Transverse Plane - ANS• a.k.a. horizontal plane
• Runs horizontally from right to left
• Divides the body into superior and inferior parts
• A transverse section is also called a cross section
Dorsal Body Cavity - ANS• Protects the fragile nervous system organs (brain & spinal cord)
• Has two subdivisions: cranial & vertebral/spinal cavities
Ventral Body Cavity - ANS• More anterior and larger of the closed body cavities
• Two major subdivisions: thoracic & abdominopelvic cavities
• Houses internal organs collectively called viscera, or visceral organs
Cranial Cavity - ANS• In the skull; encases the brain
• Continuous with the vertebral/spinal cavity
Vertebral/Spinal Cavity - ANS• Runs within the bony vertebral column
• Encloses the spinal cord
Body Cavities - ANS• Two sets of internal body cavities: dorsal & ventral body cavities
• Closed to the outside
• Provide degrees of protection to organs contained within
• Dorsal/ventral differ in mode of embryonic dev. & lining membranes
• Not widely used anatomical reference; a useful learning concept
,Excel in Your RMT MCQ Exit
Examination
A Comprehensive Exam Study Guide for
Guaranteed Success.
Top Rated Exam Guide to Grade A+
Pass
Anatomy - ANS• The structure of body parts and their relationships to one another
Dorsiflexion - ANS• Lifting the foot so that its superior surface approaches the shin
• Corresponds to wrist extension
Plantarflexion - ANS• Depressing the foot (pointing the toes)
• Corresponds to wrist flexion
Inversion - ANS• Sole of the foot turns medially
Eversion - ANS• Sole of the foot faces laterally
Protraction - ANS• Non angular anterior movements in a transverse plane
• The mandible is protracted when you jut out your jaw
Retraction - ANS• Non angular posterior movements in a transverse plane
• The mandible is retracted when you bring it back from protraction
Elevation - ANS• Lifting a body part superiorly
• Example, the scapulae are elevated when you shrug your shoulders
Depression - ANS• Moving the elevated part inferiorly
• During chewing, the mandible is alternately elevated & depressed
Opposition - ANS• Action of touching thumb to tips of other fingers on same hand
• Occurs at saddle joint between metacarpal I & trapezium
Prime Mover - ANS• Muscle that has major responsibility for producing a specific mvmt
• a.k.a. agonist or "leader"
Antagonist - ANS• Mm that oppose, or reverse, a movement; "against the leaders"
• Help regulate action of prime movers by contracting to provide resistance
• Located on opposite sides of the joint across which they act
Synergist - ANS• syn = together, erg = work
• Help prime movers by: adding extra force to the same movement
• Reducing undesirable or unnecessary movements that might occur
Fixator - ANS• Muscles that help maintain upright posture
• Type of synergist; when mm immobilizes a bone or muscle origin
• Provides the prime mover with a stable base on which to act
Flexion - ANS• Bending movement, usually along the sagittal plane
• Decreases the angle of the joint; brings articulating bones together
Extension - ANS• Involves movement along the sagittal plane
• Increases the angle between the articulating bones
• Typically straightens a flexed limb or body part
• Continuing such mvmts beyond anatomical position is hyperextension
Abduction - ANS• "moving away"
• Mvmt of limb away from midline/median, along frontal plane
• Raising the arm or thigh laterally is an example
• For fingers/toes: spreading them apart; "midline" is the longest digit
Acetabulum - ANS• Cuplike cavity on lateral surface of the hip bone that receives the femur
• Faces inferolaterally, w/the acetabulur notch directly inferiorly
,Excel in Your RMT MCQ Exit
Examination
A Comprehensive Exam Study Guide for
Guaranteed Success.
Top Rated Exam Guide to Grade A+
Pass
• Formed by all three bones forming the hip bone
Adduction - ANS• "moving toward"
• Movement of a limb toward the body midline
• In the case of the digits, toward the midline of the hand or foot
Amphiarthrosis - ANS• A slightly movable joint
Anastomosis - ANS• A union or joining of nerves, blood vessels, or lymphatics
Angular Movement - ANS• Increase or decrease the angle b/w two bones
• May occur in any plane of the body
• Flexion, extension, hyperextension, ab- & ad-duction, circumduction
Aorta - ANS• Major systemic artery
• Arises from the left ventricle of the heart
Arteries - ANS• Blood vessels that conduct blood away from the heart and into circulation
Aponeurosis - ANS• Fibrous or membranous sheet connecting a muscle & part it moves
• Flat broad CT sheath attaching muscle to bone
Atria - ANS• The two superior receiving chambers of the heart
Atrioventricular (AV) Node - ANS• Specialized mass of conducting cells
• Located at the atrioventricular jct. in the heart
Atrioventricular (AV) Valve - ANS• Prevents backflow into the atrium when the connected
ventricle is contracting
Autonomic Nervous System - ANS• a.k.a. involuntary or visceral motor system
• Efferent division of peripheral nervous system
• Innervates cardiac & smooth muscles and glands
Biaxial Movement - ANS• Movement in two planes
Circumduction - ANS• Moving a limb so that it describes a cone;
• circum = around; duco = to draw
• Distal end of the limb moves in a circle
• Point of the cone is stationary
• Consists of flexion, abduction, extension, & adduction in succession
• Thumb: extension, adduction, flexion, abduction
CN I: Olfactory - ANS• Fxn: Purely sensory; carry afferent impulses for sense of smell
• CT: Client asked to sniff aromatic substances
• Injury: Partial/total loss of smell; possibly caused by # of ethmoid
CN II: Optic - ANS• Fxn: Purely sensory; carry afferent impulses for vision
• CT: Vision and visual field are determined w/eye chart
• Injury: Results in blindness in eye served by nerve"
CN III: Oculomotor - ANS• "eye mover"
• Supplies four of the six extrinsic mm. moving the eyeball in the orbit
• CT: Pupils are examined for size, shape and equality
CN IV: Trochlear - ANS• Innervates an extrinsic eye muscle
• Injury: Results in double vision & reduced ability to rotate eye
, Excel in Your RMT MCQ Exit
Examination
A Comprehensive Exam Study Guide for
Guaranteed Success.
Top Rated Exam Guide to Grade A+
Pass
CN V: Trigeminal - ANS• Largest of the cranial nerves
• Supplies sensory fibres to the face and
• Supplies motor fibres to the chewing muscles
• Injury: Trigeminal neuralgia caused by inflammation
CN VI: Abducens - ANS• Fxn: Primarily motor
• Injury: Eye cannot move laterally; affected eyeball rotates medially
Condyloid Joint - ANS• Biaxial joints: flexion, extension, abduction, adduction
· Metacarpophalangeal (knuckle) joints, wrist joints
Cranial Nerves - ANS• Twelve pairs
• First 2 pairs attach to the forebrain, rest are assoc. with brain stem
• Serves head & neck, except for vagus, which extend into abdomen
Fascia - ANS• Composed of dense irregular connective tissue
• Sheet or band of fibrous connective tissues
• Compartmentalises muscle groups
• Separates and connects various body structures
Flat Bone - ANS• Thin, flattened, and usually a bit curved
• Sternum, scapulae, ribs, and most skull bones
Sternum - ANS• "breastbone"
Scapulae - ANS• "shoulder blades"
Gliding Movement - ANS• When flat (or nearly flat) bone surface glides/slips over another
• Back-and-forth and side-to-side
• Occurs at intercarpal & intertarsal jts; articular processes of vertebrae"
Hinge Joint - ANS• Uniaxial movements: flexion, extension
· Elbow joints, interphalangeal joints
Insertion - ANS• Attached to the moveable bone
Irregular Bone - ANS• Complicated shapes that fit no other bone classes
• Examples: vertebrae and hip bones
Long Bone - ANS• Bones that are longer than they are wide
• Has a shaft plus two ends which are often expanded
• All limb bones except patella and the wrist and ankle bones
• Named for their elongated shape, not their overall size
Arachnoid Mater - ANS• "weblike"
• Middle layer of the three meninges
Patella - ANS• "kneecap"
Multiaxial Movement - ANS•Movement in or around all three planes of space and axes
Nonaxial Movement - ANS• Slipping movements only
• No axis around which movement can occur
Origin - ANS• Attached to the immovable (or less moveable) bone
Parasympathetic Division of ANS - ANS• Conserves energy, resource replenishment &
storage
