NR507 / NR 507 MIDTERM EXAM 2024/2025 –
ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY REVIEW |
VERIFIED QUESTIONS & 100% CORRECT
ANSWERS | CHAMBERLAIN | GRADE A
EXAM PACK
Multiple-Choice Questions
1. What is the primary pathophysiological mechanism of type 1 diabetes mellitus?
A. Insulin resistance in peripheral tissues
B. Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells
C. Excessive glucagon secretion
D. Impaired glucose uptake due to receptor defects
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Type 1 diabetes mellitus results from autoimmune destruction of pancreatic
beta cells, leading to absolute insulin deficiency.
2. Which cytokine is most associated with the inflammatory response in rheumatoid
arthritis?
A. IL-4
B. TNF-α
C. IL-10
D. IL-17
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) is a key pro-inflammatory cytokine
driving joint inflammation and destruction in rheumatoid arthritis.
3. What is the hallmark feature of apoptosis in cellular pathophysiology?
A. Cellular swelling and rupture
B. Programmed cell death with DNA fragmentation
C. Necrotic tissue liquefaction
D. Uncontrolled cell proliferation
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Apoptosis is programmed cell death characterized by DNA fragmentation,
cell shrinkage, and formation of apoptotic bodies.
4. Which condition is associated with decreased surfactant production in the lungs?
A. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
B. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
C. Asthma
D. Pulmonary embolism
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: ARDS involves alveolar damage, reducing surfactant production, which
impairs lung compliance and gas exchange.
, 5. What is the primary cause of hypercapnia in patients with COPD?
A. Increased alveolar ventilation
B. Alveolar hypoventilation
C. Reduced pulmonary blood flow
D. Increased dead space ventilation
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Alveolar hypoventilation in COPD, due to airway obstruction, leads to CO2
retention and hypercapnia.
6. Which electrolyte imbalance is most commonly associated with heart failure
exacerbations?
A. Hyperkalemia
B. Hyponatremia
C. Hypercalcemia
D. Hypomagnesemia
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Hyponatremia in heart failure results from increased antidiuretic hormone
(ADH) secretion and fluid retention.
7. What is the primary pathophysiological feature of septic shock?
A. Vasoconstriction and hypertension
B. Systemic vasodilation and hypotension
C. Increased cardiac output
D. Localized inflammation only
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Septic shock is characterized by systemic vasodilation due to inflammatory
mediators, leading to hypotension and hypoperfusion.
8. Which process is responsible for the formation of atherosclerotic plaques?
A. Endothelial injury and lipid accumulation
B. Smooth muscle relaxation
C. Decreased platelet aggregation
D. Reduced inflammatory response
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Atherosclerosis begins with endothelial injury, followed by lipid
accumulation and inflammatory cell infiltration, forming plaques.
9. What is the primary source of erythropoietin in the body?
A. Liver
B. Kidneys
C. Bone marrow
D. Spleen
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The kidneys produce erythropoietin, which stimulates red blood cell
production in response to hypoxia.
10. Which condition is characterized by microvascular occlusion due to sickle-shaped
red blood cells?
A. Thalassemia
B. Sickle cell anemia
C. Iron deficiency anemia
ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY REVIEW |
VERIFIED QUESTIONS & 100% CORRECT
ANSWERS | CHAMBERLAIN | GRADE A
EXAM PACK
Multiple-Choice Questions
1. What is the primary pathophysiological mechanism of type 1 diabetes mellitus?
A. Insulin resistance in peripheral tissues
B. Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells
C. Excessive glucagon secretion
D. Impaired glucose uptake due to receptor defects
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Type 1 diabetes mellitus results from autoimmune destruction of pancreatic
beta cells, leading to absolute insulin deficiency.
2. Which cytokine is most associated with the inflammatory response in rheumatoid
arthritis?
A. IL-4
B. TNF-α
C. IL-10
D. IL-17
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) is a key pro-inflammatory cytokine
driving joint inflammation and destruction in rheumatoid arthritis.
3. What is the hallmark feature of apoptosis in cellular pathophysiology?
A. Cellular swelling and rupture
B. Programmed cell death with DNA fragmentation
C. Necrotic tissue liquefaction
D. Uncontrolled cell proliferation
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Apoptosis is programmed cell death characterized by DNA fragmentation,
cell shrinkage, and formation of apoptotic bodies.
4. Which condition is associated with decreased surfactant production in the lungs?
A. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
B. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
C. Asthma
D. Pulmonary embolism
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: ARDS involves alveolar damage, reducing surfactant production, which
impairs lung compliance and gas exchange.
, 5. What is the primary cause of hypercapnia in patients with COPD?
A. Increased alveolar ventilation
B. Alveolar hypoventilation
C. Reduced pulmonary blood flow
D. Increased dead space ventilation
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Alveolar hypoventilation in COPD, due to airway obstruction, leads to CO2
retention and hypercapnia.
6. Which electrolyte imbalance is most commonly associated with heart failure
exacerbations?
A. Hyperkalemia
B. Hyponatremia
C. Hypercalcemia
D. Hypomagnesemia
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Hyponatremia in heart failure results from increased antidiuretic hormone
(ADH) secretion and fluid retention.
7. What is the primary pathophysiological feature of septic shock?
A. Vasoconstriction and hypertension
B. Systemic vasodilation and hypotension
C. Increased cardiac output
D. Localized inflammation only
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Septic shock is characterized by systemic vasodilation due to inflammatory
mediators, leading to hypotension and hypoperfusion.
8. Which process is responsible for the formation of atherosclerotic plaques?
A. Endothelial injury and lipid accumulation
B. Smooth muscle relaxation
C. Decreased platelet aggregation
D. Reduced inflammatory response
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Atherosclerosis begins with endothelial injury, followed by lipid
accumulation and inflammatory cell infiltration, forming plaques.
9. What is the primary source of erythropoietin in the body?
A. Liver
B. Kidneys
C. Bone marrow
D. Spleen
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The kidneys produce erythropoietin, which stimulates red blood cell
production in response to hypoxia.
10. Which condition is characterized by microvascular occlusion due to sickle-shaped
red blood cells?
A. Thalassemia
B. Sickle cell anemia
C. Iron deficiency anemia
