PAD Study Guide || with Certified Answers.
Civil Service Reform (1883) correct answers Tries to fix the problem from spoils system
Dorman Eaton's reform efforts correct answers efforts included two aspects: the first one is
tenure, which guarantees the stability in office; the other one is merit system
Frederick Taylor: Principles of Scientific Management (1916) correct answers From rule-of-
thumb methods to systematic, more scientific measuring individual work
accomplishment; Scientifically selecting and developing workers to ensure their role;
Cooperation between managers and workers; Logical divisions of work and responsibilities
Max Weber's Bureaucracy: "Ideal type" (1922) correct answers The central core of features
characteristic of the most fully developed bureaucratic form of organization
1. The principle of fixed and official jurisdictional areas ordered by rules, laws, and
administrative regulations
2. The principle of office hierarchy
3. Administration based on Written document
4. Division of labor
5. Full working capacity of the official in the official activity
6. The duty of following general rule in the office management
William Willoughby's budgeting reform (1918) correct answers 3 Major "Threads": How budgets
would ...
advance & provide proper controls
enhance legislative and executive cooperation
ensure administrative and management efficiency
Mary Parker Follett: "The giving of orders" (1926) correct answers The giving of orders (1926)
,Power with (coactive), not power over (coercive)
The essence of good human relations was creating the feeling of working with someone rather
than working under someone
The study of administration by Woodrow Wilson (1887) correct answers focus not only on
personnel problems, but also on organization and management in general.
He was also concerned with organization efficiency and economy.
Politics-administration dichotomy: The public administration should separate from traditional
politics.
Because of his essay, The study of administration, Wilson is widely recognized as the "founder
of public administration".
Wilson and Goodnow argued for the dichotomy between politics and admini
stration, however, there are also different voices about this dichotomy correct answers The
dichotomy ignored the realities of bureaucratic politics
• Attack on the over simplistic nature
• The "politics school" argued that politics is a part of administration
How can public officials use their discretion? correct answers - Harold Lasswell: The policy
cycle
- Lipsky (1980): "Street-level bureaucrats"
Harold Lasswell's Policy Cycle correct answers Agenda Setting: The recognition of certain
subject as a problem demanding further government attention
Policy Formulation: Exploring options or alternatives available for addressing the problem
Decision making: Deciding on a course of action, whether to perpetuate the policy status quo or
alter it
Implementation: Putting the decision into practice
Evaluation: Assessing the effectiveness of a policy in terms of its intentions and results
, From the policy cycle, administrators can be involved in every stage, especially in the
implementation stage.
The bureaucrats interpret a newly drafted policy and then put the decision into practice.
Lipsky's Street Level Bureaucrats (1980) correct answers Include police officers, teachers, social
workers, etc.—basically any public administrator who regularly comes in direct contact with
clients (citizens)
They make policy, provide public benefits, and keep order
Their discretionary power is needed for effective and efficient government
With a lot of unforeseen scenarios, administrators need to have the discretion or autonomy to
make some changes.
For example, the police officers have a huge amount of discretion to decide whether to issue a
citation or just give a verbal warning. They make the decision within complex situations.
Lowi (1979) correct answers argues against giving bureaucrats too much discretion as they
become more
difficult to control
iron triangle correct answers system of check and balances as Congress, the Bureaucracy, and
Interests groups all need each other
Goodnow's three authorities correct answers Judicial authorities; Executive authorities;
Administrative authorities
Goodnow's dichotomy—two functions of government correct answers -Politics has to do with
policies or expressions of the state will; whereas administration
has to do with the execution of these policies.
-The harmony is needed between expression and execution
Civil Service Reform (1883) correct answers Tries to fix the problem from spoils system
Dorman Eaton's reform efforts correct answers efforts included two aspects: the first one is
tenure, which guarantees the stability in office; the other one is merit system
Frederick Taylor: Principles of Scientific Management (1916) correct answers From rule-of-
thumb methods to systematic, more scientific measuring individual work
accomplishment; Scientifically selecting and developing workers to ensure their role;
Cooperation between managers and workers; Logical divisions of work and responsibilities
Max Weber's Bureaucracy: "Ideal type" (1922) correct answers The central core of features
characteristic of the most fully developed bureaucratic form of organization
1. The principle of fixed and official jurisdictional areas ordered by rules, laws, and
administrative regulations
2. The principle of office hierarchy
3. Administration based on Written document
4. Division of labor
5. Full working capacity of the official in the official activity
6. The duty of following general rule in the office management
William Willoughby's budgeting reform (1918) correct answers 3 Major "Threads": How budgets
would ...
advance & provide proper controls
enhance legislative and executive cooperation
ensure administrative and management efficiency
Mary Parker Follett: "The giving of orders" (1926) correct answers The giving of orders (1926)
,Power with (coactive), not power over (coercive)
The essence of good human relations was creating the feeling of working with someone rather
than working under someone
The study of administration by Woodrow Wilson (1887) correct answers focus not only on
personnel problems, but also on organization and management in general.
He was also concerned with organization efficiency and economy.
Politics-administration dichotomy: The public administration should separate from traditional
politics.
Because of his essay, The study of administration, Wilson is widely recognized as the "founder
of public administration".
Wilson and Goodnow argued for the dichotomy between politics and admini
stration, however, there are also different voices about this dichotomy correct answers The
dichotomy ignored the realities of bureaucratic politics
• Attack on the over simplistic nature
• The "politics school" argued that politics is a part of administration
How can public officials use their discretion? correct answers - Harold Lasswell: The policy
cycle
- Lipsky (1980): "Street-level bureaucrats"
Harold Lasswell's Policy Cycle correct answers Agenda Setting: The recognition of certain
subject as a problem demanding further government attention
Policy Formulation: Exploring options or alternatives available for addressing the problem
Decision making: Deciding on a course of action, whether to perpetuate the policy status quo or
alter it
Implementation: Putting the decision into practice
Evaluation: Assessing the effectiveness of a policy in terms of its intentions and results
, From the policy cycle, administrators can be involved in every stage, especially in the
implementation stage.
The bureaucrats interpret a newly drafted policy and then put the decision into practice.
Lipsky's Street Level Bureaucrats (1980) correct answers Include police officers, teachers, social
workers, etc.—basically any public administrator who regularly comes in direct contact with
clients (citizens)
They make policy, provide public benefits, and keep order
Their discretionary power is needed for effective and efficient government
With a lot of unforeseen scenarios, administrators need to have the discretion or autonomy to
make some changes.
For example, the police officers have a huge amount of discretion to decide whether to issue a
citation or just give a verbal warning. They make the decision within complex situations.
Lowi (1979) correct answers argues against giving bureaucrats too much discretion as they
become more
difficult to control
iron triangle correct answers system of check and balances as Congress, the Bureaucracy, and
Interests groups all need each other
Goodnow's three authorities correct answers Judicial authorities; Executive authorities;
Administrative authorities
Goodnow's dichotomy—two functions of government correct answers -Politics has to do with
policies or expressions of the state will; whereas administration
has to do with the execution of these policies.
-The harmony is needed between expression and execution
