week 5 NR 546
Unipolar Depression
The spectrum of mood disorders includes mania and major depressive disorder (MDD).
prevalence highest (13.1%) among individuals aged 18-25 (MDD)
Typical signs of MDD depression, irritability, withdrawal, and issues with sleep, eating, energy,
concentration, or self-worth are all symptoms of depression. Clients with severe depression may
exhibit psychotic symptoms or suicidal thoughts. Bipolar Disorders
a chronic condition characterized by extreme fluctuations in mood, energy, and ability to
function. The estimates of lifetime total prevalence provided by the World Mental Health Survey
Initiative were 2.4%. Moods may be manic, hypomanic, or depressed and may include mixed
mood or psychotic features.
diagnosed when a client has one or more episodes of mania or hypomania with a history of one
or more major depressive episodes.
high risk for suicide
The diagnosis of bipolar I requires at least one manic episode lasting at least one week (or
longer if symptoms necessitate hospitalization). A persistently high, expansive, or irritable mood
is a symptom of mania. symptoms of bipolar type I
Increased self-esteem, increased goal-directed activity or energy, including grandiosity,
decreased sleep requirements, excessive talkativeness, racing thoughts, flight of ideas (FOI),
distractibility, psychomotor agitation, and a propensity to participate in high-risk activities are
examples of related symptoms. Mania is characterized by significant functional impairment,
psychotic symptoms, and the need for hospitalization. Disorder of the bipolar type II Diagnosis
requires a current or past hypomanic episode and a current or past major depressive episode.
Symptoms last for at least 4 days but fewer than seven.
Anger and irritability are common. Clients often enjoy the elevation of mood and are reluctant
to report these symptoms, making bipolar more difficult to diagnose if the client presents in the
depression phase.
Cyclothymia:
involves the persistent appearance of hypomanic and depressive symptoms that do not meet
the diagnostic criteria for a manic/hypomanic episode or major depression. The key point
Bipolar I depression may be misdiagnosed as major depressive disorder (MDD)
essential to rule out previous hypomania or mania episodes. Clients are reluctant to report
mania or hypomania symptoms
If bipolar depression is mistaken for MDD, antidepressant therapy may precipitate a manic
episode or induce rapid-cycling bipolar depression, which may contribute to the increased
incidence of death by suicide in children and adults younger than 25.
Antidepressants are used cautiously in clients with bipolar disorder and never as monotherapy.
Antidepressants should be combined with a mood stabilizer to prevent the onset of a hypomanic
or manic episode.
Decreased positive affect: DA,NE Dysfunction
, Symptoms
depressed attitude loss of joy
lack of interest
diminished energy decreased alertness
diminished self-assurance appetite shifts Increased negative affect: 5HT, NE Dysfunction
Symptoms
depressed mood
guilt
fear/anxiety
hostility
irritability
loneliness
appetite changes
Genetics of MDD and BPD
Gene and genome-wide association studies have identified candidate genes for contributing to
both MDD and BPD; however, the causes of mood disorders are complex and likely involve
interactions between genetic/epigenetic, biological, psychological, and social factors including:
problems in the brain imbalance of neurotransmitters
life's events abuse or trauma
use of drugs or medication menstruation
season changes
MDD and BPD Neural Networks The classic monoamine hypothesis of depression posits that
depression occurs as a result of a deficiency of one or all three monoamine transmitters
(serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine), while mania may result from an excess; however,
this hypothesis has limitations. Stahl (2021) acknowledged that depression is more complicated
than this straightforward theory, but he also agreed that the monoamine hypothesis is useful for
comprehending these NTs' physiological functions. Emphasis is now shifted from the
monoamines to their receptors and other downstream events such as the regulation of gene
expression, growth factors, environmental factors, and epigenetic changes (Stahl, 2021).
MDD and BPD Neural Signaling Norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA), and serotonin 5HT are
the three main neurotransmitters that play a role in the pathophysiology and treatment of mood
disorders. Monoamines include serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine. The monoamine
neurotransmitter system is made up of monoamines that interact with one another. Many of the
symptoms of mood disorders are hypothesized to involve dysfunction of various combinations of
the monoamine neurotransmitters. All known pharmacologic treatments for mood disorders act
upon one or more of these three neurotransmitters.
dysfunctional symptoms include the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Concentration, Mental fatigue,
Mood
symptoms in dysfunction: striatum
Physical fatigue
dysfunctional signs include the nucleus accumbens. Pleasure interests
symptoms in dysfunction: hypothalamus
Sleep, appetite
symptoms in dysfunction: prefrontal cortex (PFC) and amygdala
Unipolar Depression
The spectrum of mood disorders includes mania and major depressive disorder (MDD).
prevalence highest (13.1%) among individuals aged 18-25 (MDD)
Typical signs of MDD depression, irritability, withdrawal, and issues with sleep, eating, energy,
concentration, or self-worth are all symptoms of depression. Clients with severe depression may
exhibit psychotic symptoms or suicidal thoughts. Bipolar Disorders
a chronic condition characterized by extreme fluctuations in mood, energy, and ability to
function. The estimates of lifetime total prevalence provided by the World Mental Health Survey
Initiative were 2.4%. Moods may be manic, hypomanic, or depressed and may include mixed
mood or psychotic features.
diagnosed when a client has one or more episodes of mania or hypomania with a history of one
or more major depressive episodes.
high risk for suicide
The diagnosis of bipolar I requires at least one manic episode lasting at least one week (or
longer if symptoms necessitate hospitalization). A persistently high, expansive, or irritable mood
is a symptom of mania. symptoms of bipolar type I
Increased self-esteem, increased goal-directed activity or energy, including grandiosity,
decreased sleep requirements, excessive talkativeness, racing thoughts, flight of ideas (FOI),
distractibility, psychomotor agitation, and a propensity to participate in high-risk activities are
examples of related symptoms. Mania is characterized by significant functional impairment,
psychotic symptoms, and the need for hospitalization. Disorder of the bipolar type II Diagnosis
requires a current or past hypomanic episode and a current or past major depressive episode.
Symptoms last for at least 4 days but fewer than seven.
Anger and irritability are common. Clients often enjoy the elevation of mood and are reluctant
to report these symptoms, making bipolar more difficult to diagnose if the client presents in the
depression phase.
Cyclothymia:
involves the persistent appearance of hypomanic and depressive symptoms that do not meet
the diagnostic criteria for a manic/hypomanic episode or major depression. The key point
Bipolar I depression may be misdiagnosed as major depressive disorder (MDD)
essential to rule out previous hypomania or mania episodes. Clients are reluctant to report
mania or hypomania symptoms
If bipolar depression is mistaken for MDD, antidepressant therapy may precipitate a manic
episode or induce rapid-cycling bipolar depression, which may contribute to the increased
incidence of death by suicide in children and adults younger than 25.
Antidepressants are used cautiously in clients with bipolar disorder and never as monotherapy.
Antidepressants should be combined with a mood stabilizer to prevent the onset of a hypomanic
or manic episode.
Decreased positive affect: DA,NE Dysfunction
, Symptoms
depressed attitude loss of joy
lack of interest
diminished energy decreased alertness
diminished self-assurance appetite shifts Increased negative affect: 5HT, NE Dysfunction
Symptoms
depressed mood
guilt
fear/anxiety
hostility
irritability
loneliness
appetite changes
Genetics of MDD and BPD
Gene and genome-wide association studies have identified candidate genes for contributing to
both MDD and BPD; however, the causes of mood disorders are complex and likely involve
interactions between genetic/epigenetic, biological, psychological, and social factors including:
problems in the brain imbalance of neurotransmitters
life's events abuse or trauma
use of drugs or medication menstruation
season changes
MDD and BPD Neural Networks The classic monoamine hypothesis of depression posits that
depression occurs as a result of a deficiency of one or all three monoamine transmitters
(serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine), while mania may result from an excess; however,
this hypothesis has limitations. Stahl (2021) acknowledged that depression is more complicated
than this straightforward theory, but he also agreed that the monoamine hypothesis is useful for
comprehending these NTs' physiological functions. Emphasis is now shifted from the
monoamines to their receptors and other downstream events such as the regulation of gene
expression, growth factors, environmental factors, and epigenetic changes (Stahl, 2021).
MDD and BPD Neural Signaling Norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA), and serotonin 5HT are
the three main neurotransmitters that play a role in the pathophysiology and treatment of mood
disorders. Monoamines include serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine. The monoamine
neurotransmitter system is made up of monoamines that interact with one another. Many of the
symptoms of mood disorders are hypothesized to involve dysfunction of various combinations of
the monoamine neurotransmitters. All known pharmacologic treatments for mood disorders act
upon one or more of these three neurotransmitters.
dysfunctional symptoms include the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Concentration, Mental fatigue,
Mood
symptoms in dysfunction: striatum
Physical fatigue
dysfunctional signs include the nucleus accumbens. Pleasure interests
symptoms in dysfunction: hypothalamus
Sleep, appetite
symptoms in dysfunction: prefrontal cortex (PFC) and amygdala
