HNF 150 Exam 2 2025/2026 Exam
Questions and Answers | A+ Score
Assured
Describe the general structure of proteins and the three parts of an amino
acid; understand that protein is the only macronutrient that contains
nitrogen. - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔protein contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and
nitrogen. the three parts of an amino acid are the backbone (amine group
and an acid group), and a side chain that varies (side chains differ in their
size, shape, and polarity)
State how many essential amino acids exist and why adequate amounts of
all the essential amino acids are required for protein synthesis - 🧠
ANSWER ✔✔there are nine essential amino acids (histidine, isoleucine,
leucine, valine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, and
tryptophan).
If any of the 9 essential AA's is not present in sufficient amounts in our diet
protein synthesis will be stopped
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,Describe the 7 roles of protein in the body - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔1. supporting
growth and maintenance
2. enzymes, hormones, and other compounds
3. transport and recognition proteins
-lipoproteins
-active transport
signaling and receptors
4. building antibodies (immunoproteins)
5. maintaining acid balance
6. maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance
-edema
7. used for energy
8. or used for energy storage (goes with #7)
State the different paths an amino acid can take once it is in a cell - 🧠
ANSWER ✔✔amino acids can be metabolized to protein, nitrogen, energy,
glucose, or fat
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,Describe protein digestion and absorption from the mouth to the colon. - 🧠
ANSWER ✔✔Other than being torn by chewing nothing happens to protein
until it reaches the stomach. when swallowed food arrives in the stomach,
acid denatures the protein strands, and an enzyme cleaves amino acid
strands into polypeptides and a few amino acids. enzymes from the
pancreas and the intestine split peptide strands into tripeptides, dipeptides,
and amino acids. enzymes on the surface of the small intestine's lining and
within the absorptive cells split tripeptides and dipeptides. the intestinal
cells absorb and transfer amino acids to the blood stream. the bloodstream
transports amino acids to all the body's cells
Describe the purpose and how to conduct a nitrogen balance study; list
examples of positive, negative and equilibrium with regard to nitrogen
balance - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔purpose: these studies compare nitrogen lost by
excretion with nitrogen eaten in food.
how: scientists measure the body's daily nitrogen losses in urine, feces,
sweat, and skin under controlled conditions and then estimate the amount
of protein needed to replace these losses
COPYRIGHT©NINJANERD 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER:
619652435. TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 3
, positive ex: a growing child
negative ex: astronauts
equilibrium ex: someone who consumes as much as they lose
Define mutual supplementation and be able to recognize vegetarian meal
plans that contain complementary proteins - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔mutual
supplementation is the process of combining two incomplete protein
sources to make a complete protein. the two foods involved in this are
called complementary proteins.
the complementary proteins do not need to be eaten together as long as
the day's meals supply them all the diet provides enough energy and total
protein from a variety of sources
vegetarian meal examples: oatmeal, rice and beans, pasta with veggies
and cheese
Discuss reasons why consuming too much protein and amino acid
supplements is not recommended - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔offers no benefits and
may pose health risks, particularly weakened kidneys. also possible for
COPYRIGHT©NINJANERD 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER:
619652435. TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 4
Questions and Answers | A+ Score
Assured
Describe the general structure of proteins and the three parts of an amino
acid; understand that protein is the only macronutrient that contains
nitrogen. - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔protein contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and
nitrogen. the three parts of an amino acid are the backbone (amine group
and an acid group), and a side chain that varies (side chains differ in their
size, shape, and polarity)
State how many essential amino acids exist and why adequate amounts of
all the essential amino acids are required for protein synthesis - 🧠
ANSWER ✔✔there are nine essential amino acids (histidine, isoleucine,
leucine, valine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, and
tryptophan).
If any of the 9 essential AA's is not present in sufficient amounts in our diet
protein synthesis will be stopped
COPYRIGHT©NINJANERD 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER:
619652435. TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 1
,Describe the 7 roles of protein in the body - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔1. supporting
growth and maintenance
2. enzymes, hormones, and other compounds
3. transport and recognition proteins
-lipoproteins
-active transport
signaling and receptors
4. building antibodies (immunoproteins)
5. maintaining acid balance
6. maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance
-edema
7. used for energy
8. or used for energy storage (goes with #7)
State the different paths an amino acid can take once it is in a cell - 🧠
ANSWER ✔✔amino acids can be metabolized to protein, nitrogen, energy,
glucose, or fat
COPYRIGHT©NINJANERD 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER:
619652435. TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 2
,Describe protein digestion and absorption from the mouth to the colon. - 🧠
ANSWER ✔✔Other than being torn by chewing nothing happens to protein
until it reaches the stomach. when swallowed food arrives in the stomach,
acid denatures the protein strands, and an enzyme cleaves amino acid
strands into polypeptides and a few amino acids. enzymes from the
pancreas and the intestine split peptide strands into tripeptides, dipeptides,
and amino acids. enzymes on the surface of the small intestine's lining and
within the absorptive cells split tripeptides and dipeptides. the intestinal
cells absorb and transfer amino acids to the blood stream. the bloodstream
transports amino acids to all the body's cells
Describe the purpose and how to conduct a nitrogen balance study; list
examples of positive, negative and equilibrium with regard to nitrogen
balance - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔purpose: these studies compare nitrogen lost by
excretion with nitrogen eaten in food.
how: scientists measure the body's daily nitrogen losses in urine, feces,
sweat, and skin under controlled conditions and then estimate the amount
of protein needed to replace these losses
COPYRIGHT©NINJANERD 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER:
619652435. TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 3
, positive ex: a growing child
negative ex: astronauts
equilibrium ex: someone who consumes as much as they lose
Define mutual supplementation and be able to recognize vegetarian meal
plans that contain complementary proteins - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔mutual
supplementation is the process of combining two incomplete protein
sources to make a complete protein. the two foods involved in this are
called complementary proteins.
the complementary proteins do not need to be eaten together as long as
the day's meals supply them all the diet provides enough energy and total
protein from a variety of sources
vegetarian meal examples: oatmeal, rice and beans, pasta with veggies
and cheese
Discuss reasons why consuming too much protein and amino acid
supplements is not recommended - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔offers no benefits and
may pose health risks, particularly weakened kidneys. also possible for
COPYRIGHT©NINJANERD 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER:
619652435. TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 4
