NUR2063 / NUR 2063 Exam 2 V2 Essentials of Pathophysiology| Latest 2025/ 2026 Update | Questions and Verified Answers | 100 out of 100 | Grade A – Rasmussen

NUR2063 / NUR 2063 Exam 2 V2 Essentials of Pathophysiology| Latest 2025/ 2026 Update | Questions and Verified Answers | 100 out of 100 | Grade A – Rasmussen Question: What is endometriosis? Answer: the presence of endometrial tissue outside of the uterus on other organs. Question: What does endometriosis cause? Answer: bleeding, pain,dysmenorrhea or painful periods, pain in lower abdomen, vagina, posterior pelvis, and back, pain with intercourse, pain with defecation, excessive menstrual bleeding Question: When does endometriosis present itself in relation to menstruation? Answer: It will start 5 to 7 days before a cycle and lasts 2-3 days after Question: What is uterine prolapse? Answer: occurs when the uterus sinks into the vagina from pelvic structures relaxing. It will protrude Question: What signs and symptoms will the client have with uterine prolapse? Answer: vaginal discomfort, discomfort walking and sitting, difficulty urinating due to excess pressure on the bladder, bleeding and ulceration of the cervix from friction Question: What are the complications of having a uterine prolapse? Answer: the uterus becoming dried out and not sterile, prone to infection Question: Should the RN attempt to place back a prolapsed uterus into the client? Answer: No, it is out of scope of practice. must call the provider about it Question: What is pelvic inflammatory disease? Answer: occurs from bacteria that enter through the vagina up into the cervix Question: What are things pelvic inflammatory disease can cause? Answer: abdominal tenderness, pelvic pain, cervical/adnexa pain or tenderness on palpation, fever, high wbc count, purulent, white vaginal discharge Question: Which organism causes pelvic inflammatory disease? Answer: Neisseria gonorrhoeae, chlamydia trachomatis Question: Which organism causes cervical cancer? Answer: human papillomavirus or HPV Question: Which organism causes UTI (cystitis)? Answer: E.coli Question: Which organism causes herpes? Answer: herpes simplex virus Question: Which organism causes syphillis? Answer: Treponema pallidum Question: What are the stages of syphillis? Answer: incubation, primary, secondary, latent, late Question: Explain incubation stage of syphillis Answer: occurs for 10 to 90 days after first infected. No symptoms are noted Question: Explain primary stage of syphillis Answer: a painless, single chancre ulcer is formed at the port of entry, usually on the genitals. May resolve in 3-6 weeks Question: Explain secondary stage of syphillis Answer: a person will have a head to toe rash accompanied by hepatitis, meningitis and nephritis, fevers, malaise, sore throat, headache, and lymphadenopathy. Bacteria spreads Question: Explain latent stage of syphillis Answer: no symptoms present but the person still has the bacteria in their body, person still contagious and can last up to 40 years Question: Explain late stage of syphillis Answer: most destructive phase, causes major cardiovascular and central nervous system damage, blindness and paresis to bones. It is fatal Question: What is pregnancy induced hypertension/ preeclampsia? Answer: occurs when there is a rapid rise in arterial blood pressure assoicated with loss of large amounts of protein in the urine Question: What are the chacteristics with one who has pregnancy induced hypertension/preeclampsia? Answer: proteinuria, weight gain, edema, arterial spasms in kidneys, brain and liver, decreased renal flow and GFR, kidneys retain salt and water. If severe: can cause convulsions, coma, renal failure, liver malfunction and hypertension Question: What is hyperemesis gravidarum? Answer: excessive vomiting during pregnancy that is form response to large amounts of HCG Question: What are the manifestations of hyperemesis gravidarium? Answer: dehydration, electrolyte imbalances hepatic or renal damage or death Question: What is the concern with chlamydial infections during labor and delivery? Answer: The mom can pass it onto the baby through vaginal delivery, potentially causing optic issues in the newborn and blindness Question: What do we do to prevent chlamydial infections in the infant? Answer: Give antibiotic eyedrops right after birth prophylactically Question: What is the problem with the hormone involved in gigantism? Answer: too much growth hormone Question: What is the pathophysiology behind gigantism? Answer: Occurs before skeletal plates fuse at the ends of bones. Leaves client with increased risk for cardiac problems. The client will also be very tall. Question: What is the problem with the hormone involved in dwarfism? Answer: too little growth hormone Question: What is the pathophysiology behind dwarfism? Answer: It causes short stature, hypoglycemia, delayed dental eruption, thin hair, poor nail growth, greater fat mass, decreased muscle mass, and delayed bone formation and puberty. is congenital or idiopathic Question: What is the problem with the hormone involved in acromegaly? Answer: too much growth hormone Question: What is the pathophysiology behind acromegaly? Answer: Occurs when the cells grow width wise amongst the bones Question: When does gigantism occur in the life span? Answer: childhood, before growth plates at ends of bones fuse Question: When does acromegaly occur during the life span Answer: adulthood, after fuseing of growth plates Question: What is the problem with the hormone involved in diabetes insipidus? Answer: Too little ADH, causes the body to not retain enough water Question: What is the pathophysiology behind diabetes insipidus? Answer: Results in the kidneys being unable to retain water in the body and a lot of urine output that is dilute. Extreme thirst. Lack of water leads to dehydration. Can be caused by trauma to the head Question: What are signs and symptoms of diabetes insidious? Answer: dizziness, disorientation, nausea, tachycardia, headaches, low blood pressure, hypovolemia, high electrolytes in the blood- sodium. High risk for hypovolemic shock, increased urine output, high electrolytes Question: What is the problem with the hormone involved in SIADH? Answer: too much ADH. cause body to retain too much water Question: What is the pathophysiology behind SIADH? Answer: Causes the body to retain too much water. Causes hypotonic hydration. There is low urine output, high osmolarity, electrolytes are at a lower concentration. Results in edema, weight gain, and hyponatremia due to excess water retention. Question: What are the signs and symptoms of SIADH? Answer: cerebral edema due to low sodium, seizures, confusion, coma, death, swollen cells, low urine output, low electrolytes, edema Question: What is ADH? Answer: antidiuretic hormone Question: What is ADH purpose in the body? Answer: it helps the body keep water balance, and for more fluid retention. Prevents the body from being dehydrated, regulates thirst, and causes water to be reabsorbed Question: What is the electrolyte most affected by ADH Answer: Sodium- inversely affected (low ADH=high Na, high ADH=low Na) Question: What is hypothyroidism caused by? Answer: cells attacking the thyroid gland or surgical removal of tissues, iodine deficiency. Leads to a lack of T3/T4 and too much of TSH.The TSH recognizes the lack of the T3/T4 so more is pushed into it yet the thyroid cannot produce it. Causes goiters Question: Lab results in one that has hypothyroidism Answer: high TSH, low T3/T4 Question: What are the clinical manifestations for hypothyroidism? Answer: low metabolism, weakness, lethargy, cold intolerance, low appetite, bradycardia, weight gain, dry skin, constipation, depression, difficulty concentrating, menstrual problems Question: What is hyperthyroidism caused by? Answer: overstimulation of the thyroid gland and autoimmune conditions like graves disease. The autoantibodies bind and stimulate TSH receptors Question: Lab results in one that has hyperthyroidism Answer: High T3/T4 levels and low TSH Question: What are the clinical manifestations for hyperthyroidism? Answer: exophthalmos or eye budging, lid lag, vision changes, light sensitivity, high metabolism, rapid weight loss, insomnia, restlessness, cannot concentrate, tremors and irritability, palpitations, heat intolerance, diaphoresis, diarrhea, amenorrhea Question: What is the purpose of parathyroid hormone PTH? Answer: increases the calcium levels in the blood to be released from bone reservoirs by activating osteoclasts. It also increases calcium absorption in the intestines and excretion in urine Question: Which electrolyte is most affected by PTH disorders Answer: calcium Question: What is Cushings disease caused by? Answer: caused by excessive glucocorticoids from either a pituitary tumor or tumor or adrenal cortex or secondary to prescribed glucocorticoids Question: What happens to corticosteroid levels during Cushings disease? Answer: Will increase Question: What are signs and symptoms of Cushings disease? Answer: Buffalo hump, moon face, thin extremities, pendulous abdomen stirae, hyperglycemia, loss of muscle and bone, excess water and salt retention, weight gain, edema, hypernatremia, and redistribution of fat. Question: What are the causes of Addison's disease? Answer: caused by adrenocortical insuffiency from not having enough steroids or glucocorticoids. Primarily from autoimmune conditions or removal of the adrenals, secondary to removal of corticosteroid therapy Question: What happens to corticosteroid levels during Addison's disease? Answer: Will decrease Question: What are the signs and symptoms of Addisons Disease? Answer: weight loss, salt wasting of fluids, weakness, malaise, hyperpigmentation or bronzing of skin, hypoglycemia, and hyperkalemia. Reduced cardiac output, inadequate blood volume, low blood pressure Question: What is the causes of type 1 diabetes? Answer: caused by the inability for one to produce insulin needed to transport glucose into cells. They are insulin dependent. It is common in young kids and adolescents. The beta cells in the pancreas are destroyed or not present. No insulin stimulate overproduction of glucagon, causing glucose levels to rise. Question: What are the causes of type 2 diabetes? Answer: caused by the cells of the pancreas becoming resistant to insulin, and decrease of receptors on the target cells. They lose the ability to respond to cells. Results in decreased insulin production. Question: How can diabetes be diagnosed? Answer: random sampling of blood glucose over 200 mg, fasting blood glucose level of 126, or and Hgba1C over 6.5. Normal A1c is 4-5.6, but those with diabetes they should aim to have it less than 7 Question: What is the signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia? Answer: cold, pale, sweating, sleepy, lack of coordination, irritability, hunger Question: Why does hypoglycemia take priority over hyperglycemia? Answer: There is not enough sugar to sustain energy for the cells here. Question: What are the signs and symptoms of hyperglycemia? Answer: Dry mouth, increased thirst, blurry vision, weakness, headache, frequent urination Question: What is normal blood sugar? Answer: 60-120 Question: What are the 3 P's for diabetes? Answer: polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia Question: Explain polydipsia Answer: increased thirst Question: Explain polyphagia Answer: increased hunger Question: Explain polyuria Answer: increased urination Question: When does Type 1 diabetes present? Answer: childhood and adolescence Question: When does Type 2 diabetes present? Answer: adulthood Question: What is diabetic ketoacidosis? Answer: occurs when a type 1 diabetes has a very high sugar and insulin deficiency that leads to breakdown of fat for energy instead of glucose Question: What happens during diabetic ketoacidosis? Answer: The metabolism of fat leads to free fatty acids in the blood that are transformed into ketones, leading to ketoacidosis and the body's pH dropping under 7.35. excessive ketones place the body in metabolic acidosis and in a hyperkalemic state induced by the acidosis. Question: What are the signs and symptoms of DKA? Answer: deep and fast kussmal respirations (to compensate to bring more co2 and acid out of the body) , acetone fruity breath, confusion, lethargy, polydipsia, polyphagia, and polyuria, dehydration, nausea and blurred vision, ketones in the urine Question: What do clients need who have DKA? Answer: These clients will often need insulin and electrolyte replacements in order to get the high sugar and high electrolytes and fluids replenished and replaced Question: Why does DKA occur? Answer: The diabetes is not diagnosed with diabetes and has not taken their insulin, or the type 1 diabetic becomes sick and does not take their insulin due to not eating or drinking, when they need to be. Question: What is the role of calcitonin? Answer: lowers calcium levels in the blood and increases bone formation and inhibits bone breakdown. Question: Where is calcitonin secreted from? Answer: thyroid Question: What is nonketotic hyperglycemic hyperosmolar syndrome? Answer: severe hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetics that is usually untreated, without ketones Question: What is significant about the nonketotic hyperglycemic hyperosmolar syndrome Answer: there are no ketones found in urine, type 2 diabetics affected Question: What are clinical manifestations of chronic hyperglycemia? Answer: hypertension, cardio vascular disease from damage to the blood vessels from excessive sugar, retinopathy or blindness from excessive sugar, neuropathy, nephropathy Question: What types of disorders are Ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease? Answer: inflammatory bowel disorders Question: What is diverticulosis? Answer: the out pocketing of the walls of the bowel, making it so that fecal material can become trapped in the intestine Question: What is diverticulitis? Answer: inflammation of the diverticulitis due to retained fecal material Question: What changes are associated with esophageal cancer? Answer: GERD associated, Barretts esophagus due to the tissue changes in the esophagus from the regurgitation of acids Question: What disorder is based from overuse of broad spectrum antibiotics? Answer: pseudomembranous colitis Question: What is intussusception? Answer: telescoping of the bowel into each other Question: What type of blockages does intussusception lead to? Answer: mechanical obstructions Question: What is a classic symptom of a glomerularnephorpathy? Answer: proteinuria; when protein spills into the urine Question: What things will diabetics possibly have in their urine? Answer: ketones and glucose Question: What things will someone who is pregnant have in their urine? Answer: protein Question: What are example of post renal causes for AKI Answer: stones, bladder tumors, enlarged prostate Question: What are example of pre renal causes for AKI Answer: hypertension, hypotension, hyper/hypovolemia, low kidney perfusion, renal artery occlusion Question: What are example of intra renal causes for AKI Answer: from medicine, contrast, chemo, or prolonged post renal failure Question: What is the disorder that causes tissue growth outside of uterus Answer: endometriosis Question: What two things cause pelvic inflammatory disease Answer: chamydia and gonorrhea Question: What things is one with hyperemesis gravidarium at risk for Answer: dehydration and loss or electrolytes as well as hypovolemia Question: What are some signs one has Diabetes insipidous Answer: dilute urine, hypovolemia, concentrated electrolytes and high osmolarity Question: What are some signs one has SIADH Answer: concentrated urine, hypervolemia, low numbers of electrolytes and low osmolarity Question: What is the concern with Cushings disease and Addisons disease? Answer: they cause or have been caused by fluctuations in glucocorticoid levels, causing different things Question: What is cholecystitis Answer: inflammation of the gallbladder Question: What type of pain does one experience with cholecystitis? Answer: Boring RUQ pain Question: What type of disorder is type 1 diabetes Answer: insulin dependent due to destruction of the beta cells of pancreas or receptors not present for insulin Question: What type of disorder is type 2 diabetes Answer: insulin resistant because over time the cells desensitize to insulin or receptor numbers decrease on the cells Question: What disorder causes inflammation of bladder lining Answer: cystitis Question: What disorder causes inflammation of the kidneys Answer: pyelonephritis Question: Which hormone increases calcium in blood stream Answer: PTH Question: Which hormone put calcium back in the bones Answer: Calcitonin Question: What type of bowel obstruction is based on movement of the intestine, medication, diet or anesthesia given Answer: functional- how it functions to move things through Question: What lowers blood glucose level by putting glucose into cells Answer: insulin Question: What increases sugars from the pancreas Answer: glucagon Question: What is the name of the infection given to newborns who have blindness at birth from chlamydia Answer: Ophthalmia Neonatorum Question: How is syphillis transported in the body? Answer: through the vascular system and blood stream Question: What is rebound tenderness? Answer: occurs when there is pressure taken off the abdomen. indicative of appendicitis Question: When do gastric ulcers form? Answer: right after eating Question: When do duodenal ulcers form? Answer: 2-3 hours after eating Question: Why might someone have confusion or dementia when they have liver disease? Answer: they have high ammonia levels in their blood which can affect the brain and neurological pathways Question: What does someone loose in their cellular fluids that causes ascites in one with liver disease Answer: albumin; it will cause hypo albumin from the condition since there is more fluid accumulation outside of the cells that leads into the peritoneum, causing the problem