PNB 2274 EXAM 3 (CHEN) QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
What protects the brain? (3 things) - Answers :1. The bones of the cranium
2. The cranial meninges
3. Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
What are the cranial meninges? (List superficial to deep) - Answers :1. Dura mater
2. Arachnoid
3. Pia mater
Dura Mater - Answers :- "Hard mother"
- 2 fibrous layers
- Space between layers contains tissue fluids, blood vessels and lymphatic system!
Arachnoid - Answers :- Arachnoid membrane: Epithelial layer
- Subarachnoid space
- Does not follow the brain's underlying folds
Pia Mater - Answers :- Follows the brain's underlying folds
- Accompanies the branches of cerebral blood vessels
- Protect central nervous system by containing CSF which cushions brain and spine
The Brain receives constant supply of blood regardless of activity - Answers :Membrane
transporters move glucose plasma into the brain interstitial fluid
Progressive _____________ leads to confusion, unconsciousness, and death -
Answers :(Progressive) *Hypoglycemia*
Oxygen can freely pass across the blood-brain barrier.
True or false. - Answers :True
The brain consumes about __________ of the body's glucose. - Answers :Half
What arteries supply the brain with blood? (2 answers) - Answers :- Internal carotid
arteries
- Vertebral arteries
What veins drain blood from the brain, returning it to the heart via the superior vena
cava? (1 answer) - Answers :- Internal jugular veins
Anastomosis - Answers :A cross-connection between adjacent channels, tubes, fibers,
or other parts of a network.
Circle of Willis - Answers :- A circulatory anastomosis that supplies blood to the brain
and surrounding structures
, - It is named after Thomas Willis (1621-1675), an English physician
Collateral Circulation - Answers :Is the alternate circulation around a blocked artery or
vein via another path
Blood-Brain Barrier is composed of....(3 answers) - Answers :-Endothelial cells (tight
junctions)
-Basal Lamina
-Astrocyte foot processes
Functions of the BBB - Answers :- Limit paracellular solute flux
- Regulate composition and volume of brain interstitial fluid
What is the neurovascular unit composed of? - Answers :- Capillaries
- Neurons
- Glial cells
- Endothelial cells
- Pericytes
Glial cells compose of ___________ and ____________ - Answers :Astrocytes and
microglial
Pericytes are known for __________ and producing _________ _____________ -
Answers :contractility; angiogenic factors
All together the neurovascular unit plays a role in - Answers :Regulation of regional
blood flow
Clicker Question!
From breadth to breadth, which one of the following will be more subjected to a change
in pH?
a. Brain interstitial fluid
b. Plasma - Answers :Brain interstitial fluid
Brain Interstitial Fluid vs. Plasma (5 answers) - Answers :Brain Interstitial Fluid
- Lower pH (7.33) resulting from a higher pCO2 (50mmHg)
- Very low protein content (0.2 g/l), resulting in a low buffering capacity
- Lower glucose concentration
- Low K (due to absorption of K into the blood)
- Low HCO3-
Blood vessel related CNS Pathologies involving the BBB - Answers :- Traumatic brain
injury
- Hypertension
- Diabetes
- Ischemia, hypoxia
What protects the brain? (3 things) - Answers :1. The bones of the cranium
2. The cranial meninges
3. Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
What are the cranial meninges? (List superficial to deep) - Answers :1. Dura mater
2. Arachnoid
3. Pia mater
Dura Mater - Answers :- "Hard mother"
- 2 fibrous layers
- Space between layers contains tissue fluids, blood vessels and lymphatic system!
Arachnoid - Answers :- Arachnoid membrane: Epithelial layer
- Subarachnoid space
- Does not follow the brain's underlying folds
Pia Mater - Answers :- Follows the brain's underlying folds
- Accompanies the branches of cerebral blood vessels
- Protect central nervous system by containing CSF which cushions brain and spine
The Brain receives constant supply of blood regardless of activity - Answers :Membrane
transporters move glucose plasma into the brain interstitial fluid
Progressive _____________ leads to confusion, unconsciousness, and death -
Answers :(Progressive) *Hypoglycemia*
Oxygen can freely pass across the blood-brain barrier.
True or false. - Answers :True
The brain consumes about __________ of the body's glucose. - Answers :Half
What arteries supply the brain with blood? (2 answers) - Answers :- Internal carotid
arteries
- Vertebral arteries
What veins drain blood from the brain, returning it to the heart via the superior vena
cava? (1 answer) - Answers :- Internal jugular veins
Anastomosis - Answers :A cross-connection between adjacent channels, tubes, fibers,
or other parts of a network.
Circle of Willis - Answers :- A circulatory anastomosis that supplies blood to the brain
and surrounding structures
, - It is named after Thomas Willis (1621-1675), an English physician
Collateral Circulation - Answers :Is the alternate circulation around a blocked artery or
vein via another path
Blood-Brain Barrier is composed of....(3 answers) - Answers :-Endothelial cells (tight
junctions)
-Basal Lamina
-Astrocyte foot processes
Functions of the BBB - Answers :- Limit paracellular solute flux
- Regulate composition and volume of brain interstitial fluid
What is the neurovascular unit composed of? - Answers :- Capillaries
- Neurons
- Glial cells
- Endothelial cells
- Pericytes
Glial cells compose of ___________ and ____________ - Answers :Astrocytes and
microglial
Pericytes are known for __________ and producing _________ _____________ -
Answers :contractility; angiogenic factors
All together the neurovascular unit plays a role in - Answers :Regulation of regional
blood flow
Clicker Question!
From breadth to breadth, which one of the following will be more subjected to a change
in pH?
a. Brain interstitial fluid
b. Plasma - Answers :Brain interstitial fluid
Brain Interstitial Fluid vs. Plasma (5 answers) - Answers :Brain Interstitial Fluid
- Lower pH (7.33) resulting from a higher pCO2 (50mmHg)
- Very low protein content (0.2 g/l), resulting in a low buffering capacity
- Lower glucose concentration
- Low K (due to absorption of K into the blood)
- Low HCO3-
Blood vessel related CNS Pathologies involving the BBB - Answers :- Traumatic brain
injury
- Hypertension
- Diabetes
- Ischemia, hypoxia
