NUR 529- Exam 2 Blueprint (Unit 7) Questions and Answers 100% Correct

NUR 529- Exam 2 Blueprint (Unit 7) Questions and Answers 100% Correct What are the 3 phases of hemostasis? 1. vascular spasms 2. platelet plug formation 3. coagulation Vascular Spasm immediate response to blood vessel injury; results in constriction within 30 minutes. platelet plug formation steps 1. platelet adhesion 2. platelet release reaction 3. platelet aggregation What is the coagulation cascade? The series of steps beginning with the intrinsic or extrinsic pathways of coagulation What happens at the end of the coagulation cascade? Formation of a fibrin clot Which conditions associated with hypercoagulability are related to increased platelet function? List all 5 1. Atherosclerosis 2. Diabetes 3. Smoking 4. Hyperlipidemia 5. Increased platelet levels Which conditions associated with hypercoagulability are related to accelerated activity of the clotting system? List all 6 1. Pregnancy 2. Use of oral contraceptives 3. Postsurgical state 4. Immobility 5. Congestive heart failure 6. Malignant diseases thrombocytosis Elevation of platelets >1,000,000. Can be primary or secondary. Secondary Thrombocytosis response to surgery, injury, or absent spleen. Primary Thrombocytosis Myeloproliferative disorder of platelet precursor cells (Megakaryocytes in the bone marrow are produced in excess) Hallmark findings of thrombocytosis Hepatic vein thrombosis and most commonly, splenomegaly. Manifestations: Thrombosis and hemorrhage. Causes of arterial thrombi -Turbulence of blood -Platelet aggregation Causes of venous thrombi -Stasis of blood -Activation of clotting cascade (fibrin complex) Factor V Leiden Most common hereditary thrombosis, Factor V causes activated protein C resistance. Antiphospholipid syndrome Autoantibodies (IgG) directed against protein-binding phospholipids that result in increased coagulation activity Manifestations of Antiphospholipid syndrome Venous or arterial thrombosis Persistent & unexplained thrombocytopenia Recurrent fetal loss Neutrophils The first to arrive to a new infection. Move in for 1-3 days, then die out releasing phagocytic functions. What are the main roles of eosinophils in the body? Allergic reactions and fighting parasitic infections. How do eosinophils combat parasitic infections? They use surface markers to attach themselves to the parasite and release hydrolytic enzymes. Basophils Consist of heparin (anticoagulant), histamine (vasodilator), and other mediators of inflammation. What are the three types of lymphocytes? B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, Natural Killer Cells Where do lymphocytes function to defend against microorganisms? Lymph nodes or spleen What is the lifespan of monocytes and macrophages in tissues? Months to years What role do monocytes and macrophages play in inflammation? Chronic inflammation What is the function of monocytes and macrophages in the immune response? Activates lymphocytes and presents antigens to T cells What is the role of albumin in the body? Contributes to plasma osmotic pressure and the maintenance of blood volume How does albumin function as a carrier in the body? It serves as a carrier for certain substances What do alpha globulins transport? Bilirubin and steroids What do beta globulins transport? Iron and copper What do gamma globulins constitute? The antibodies of the immune system Fibrinogen Is converted to fibrin in the clotting process What are the types of granulocytes? -Neutrophils -Basophils -Eosinophils What are the types of agranulocytes? -Lymphocytes -Macrophages -Monocytes Erythrocytes Carry oxygen to tissues and carbon dioxide to lungs Thrombocytes (Platelets) Function to form platelet plug and control bleeding. Last approximately 10 days in circulation Causes of drug-induced thrombocytopenia Aspirin, atorvastatin, antibiotics, Heparin Former name of immune thrombocytopenia Idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura Common trigger for immune thrombocytopenia in children Upper respiratory infection Cause of Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura Deficiency of the gene responsible for severing large von Willebrand factor proteins Consequence of unchecked platelet aggregation in Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura Microvascular occlusions leading to end organ failure What triggers Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)? Tissue injury, endothelial cell injury, or a combination of both What characterizes DIC? Coagulation and formation of micro-emboli What are the acute manifestations of DIC usually related to? Bleeding problems What are the sensory symptoms of a transfusion reaction? Sensation of heat along the vein where the blood is being infused What are the skin-related symptoms of a transfusion reaction? Flushing of the face, urticaria/rash What are the common systemic symptoms of a transfusion reaction? Headache, pain in the lumbar area, chills, fever, constricting pain in the chest, cramping pain in the abdomen, nausea, vomiting, tachycardia, hypotension, dyspnea What is the primary consequence of anemia? Impaired oxygen transport with compensatory mechanisms How does anemia affect red cell indices and hemoglobin levels? Reduction in red cell indices and hemoglobin levels What do the signs and symptoms of anemia reflect? The pathologic process causing the anemia What are the causes of iron deficiency anemia? Results from dietary deficiency, loss of iron through bleeding, or increased demands. How does iron deficiency affect hemoglobin synthesis? A deficiency leads to decreased hemoglobin synthesis and impairment of oxygen delivery. What can cause B12 deficiency? Diet and lack of intrinsic factor in the stomach What is pernicious anemia? Failure to absorb vitamin B12 due to lack of intrinsic factor How does B12 deficiency affect red blood cells? Results in abnormally large red cells due to excess cytoplasmic growth and structural proteins, leading to megaloblastic anemia What are the two major consequences of RBC sickling in sickle cell disease? Chronic hemolytic anemia and blood vessel occlusion What is the current status of a cure for sickle cell disease? Currently, there is no known cure What does the treatment for sickle cell disease focus on? Prevention of sickling episodes and symptom management What is the main cause of anemia in thalassemia? Low intracellular hemoglobin due to decreased synthesis of the affected chain and continued production of the unaffected globin chain. How does thalassemia affect red cell maturation? Accumulation of the unaffected globin chain interferes with normal red cell maturation, leading to membrane changes, hemolysis, and anemia. What is Von Willebrand Disease? A hereditary bleeding disorder characterized by low levels of vWF, a protein that helps blood clot. What are the symptoms of Von Willebrand Disease? Symptoms include heavy bleeding during menses or post childbirth. What are the three types of Von Willebrand Disease? Type 1, Type 2, and Type 3.