SolutionManualfor k. k.k
StatisticsforNursing k. k k. k
k. k ResearchA Workbook k.k k.k
forEvidence-Based
k. k. k
k. k Practice 3rdEdition
k. k k.k
k. k SusanGroveDaisha
k.k k.k
, Answer Guidelines for Questions to Be Graded k.k k. k.k k.k k.k k.k
EXERC ISE
Identifying Levels .
k
1
k . k
k . k ofMeasurement: Nominal, k. k. k
Ordinal, Interval, and k. k k . k k . k
Ratio k . k
Thequestionsareinboldfollowedbyanswers.
k. k. k. k. k. k. k.
1. In Table 1, identify the level of measurement for the current therapy variable. Provide a
k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k
rationale for your answer.
k.k k.k k.k k.k
Answer: The current therapy variable was measured at the nominal level. These drug categories k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k
were probably developed to be exhaustive for this study and included the categories of drugs the
k. k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k
subjects were receiving. However, the categories are not exclusive, since patients are usually on more
k. k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k
than one category of these drugs to manage their health problems. The current therapies are not
k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.
measured at the ordinal level because they cannot be rank ordered, since no drug category can be
k. k. k. k. k. k. k. k. k. k. k. k. k. k. k. k.k k.k
considered more or less beneficial than another drug category (see Figure 1-1; Grove & Gray,
k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k. k k.k
2019).
k.k
2. What is the mode for the current therapy variable in this study? Provide a rationale
k . k k . k k . k k . k k . k k . k k . k k . k k . k k . k k . k k . k k . k k . k
foryour answer.
k . k .
k k.k
Answer: The mode for current therapy was βblocker. A total of 100 (94%) of the cardiac patients k .k k .k k .k k .k k .k k .k k .k .
k k .k k .k k .k k .k k .k k .k k .k k .k k .k
were receiving this category of drug, which was the most common prescribed
k . k k . k k . k k . k k . k k . k k . k k . k k . k k . k k . k
kdrug for thissample.
. k k . k k . k k.
3. What statistics were conducted to describe the BMI of the cardiac patients in this sample?
k .k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k .k k.k k.k k .k k.k k .k
Discuss whether these analysis techniques were appropriate or inappropriate.
.
k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k
Answer: BMI was described with a mean and standard deviation (SD). BMI measurement resulted k .k k .k k . k k .k k .k k .k k .k k .k k .k k .k k .k k .k k .k
in ratio-level data with continuous values and an absolute zero (Stone & Frazier, 2017). Ratio-
k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k
level data should be analyzed with parametric statistics such as the mean and SD (Grove & Gray, 2017;
k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k .
k k.k k.k k.
Knapp, 2017).
k.k k.k
4. Researchers used thefollowingitem tomeasureregistered nurses’ (RNs)incomeinastudy:What k.k k.k k. k. k.k k. k.k k.k k.k k. k.k k.k k. k.
category identifies your current income as an RN?
k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k
a. Lessthan$50,000
k . k k. k.
b. $50,000to59,999
k . k k. k.
c. $60,000to69,999
k . k k. k.
d. $70,000to 80,000
k . k k. k.k
e. $80,000orgreater
k . k k. k.
What level of measurement is this income variable? Does the income variable follow
k . k k . k k . k k . k k . k k . k k . k k . k k . k k . k k . k k . k
the rules outlined in Figure 1-1? Provide a rationale for your answer.
k . k k. k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k
Answer: In this example, the income variable is measured at the ordinal level. The income catego- k .k k .k k .k k .k k .k k .k k .k k .k k .k k .k k .k k .k k .k k .k k .k
ries areexhaustive, ranging from less than $50,000 to greater than $80,000. Thetwoopen-ended
k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k. k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.
AG 1-1 k.k
,AG 1-2 k.k Answer Guidelines for Questions to Be Graded k . k k . k k . k k . k k . k k . k
categoriesensurethatallsalarylevelsarecovered.Thecategoriesarenotexclusive,sincecatego-ries (d) k. k. k. k. k. k. k. k. k. k. k. k. k. k. k. k.k
and (e) include an $80,000 salary, so study participants making $80,000 might mark either (d) or
k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k . k k . k
(e) or both categories, resulting in erroneous data. Category (e) could be changed to greater
k . k k . k k . k k . k k . k k . k k . k k . k k . k k . k k . k k . k k . k k. k.k
than $80,000, making the categories exclusive. The categories can be rank ordered from the lowest
k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k .k k.k k.k
salary to the highest salary, which is consistent with ordinal data (Grove & Gray, 2019; Waltz et al.,
k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k
2017).
k.k
5. WhatlevelofmeasurementistheCDSscore?Providearationaleforyouranswer.
.k
k .k
k .k
k .k
k .
k .k
k .
k .
k .k
k .k
k .
k .
k .
k
Answer: The CDS score is at the interval level of measurement. The CDS is a 26-item Likert scale k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k
developed to measure depression in cardiac patients. Study participants rated their symp- toms on a
k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k .k k.k k.k
scale of 1 to 7, with higher numbers indicating increased severity in the depression symptoms. The
k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k .k k.k
total scores for each subject obtained from this multi-item scale are considered to be at the interval
k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k
level of measurement (Gray et al., 2017; Waltz et al., 2017).
k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k
6. Were nonparametric or parametric analysis techniques used to analyze the CDS scores for the
k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k .
k
cardiac patients in this study? Provide a rationale for your answer.
k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k
Answer: Parametric statistics, such as mean and SD, were conducted to describe k.k k .k k.k k.k k . k k . k k . k k . k k . k k . k k . k
k CDS scores for study participants (see Table 1). CDS scores are interval-level data as indicated in
. k k . k k. k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k
Questions 5, so parametric statistics are appropriate for this level of data (Gray et al., 2017; Kim &
k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k
Mallory, 2017).
k.k k.k
7. Is the prevalence of depression linked to the NYHA class? Discuss the clinical importance of
k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k .k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k .k
this result.
k.k k.k
Answer: The study narrative indicated that the prevalence of depression increased with the greater k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k
NYHA class. In NYHA class III, 64% of the subjects were depressed, whereas 11% of the subjects were
k. k. k. k. k. k. k. k. k. k. k. k. k. k. k. k. k. k.k
depressed in NYHA class I. Thus, as the NYHA class increased, the number of sub- jects with
k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k
depression increased. This is an expected finding because as the NYHA class increases, cardiac
k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k
patients have more severe physical symptoms, which usually result in emotional distress, such as
k. k. k. k. k. k. k. k. k. k. k. k. k.k k . k
depression. Nurses need to actively assess cardiac patients for depression, especially those in
k . k k . k k . k k . k k . k k . k k . k k . k k . k k . k k . k k . k k.
higher NYHA classes, so they might be diagnosed and treated as needed.
k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k
8. What frequency and percent of cardiac patients in this study were not being treated with an
k.k k .k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k .k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k .k
antidepressant? Show your calculations and round your answer to the nearest whole percent
k.k k.k k.k k.k k .k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k .k
(%).
k.k
Answer: A total of 106 cardiac patients participated in this study. The sample included 15 k.k k .k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k
patients who were receiving an antidepressant (see Table 1). The number of cardiac patients not
k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k .k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k .k k . k
ktreated for depression was 91 (106 – 15 = 91). The group percent is calculated by
. k k . k k . k k . k k . k k . k k . k k . k k . k k.k k . k k . k k . k k . k k . k k.
k the following formula: (group frequency ÷ total sample size) × 100%. For
. k k . k k . k k . k k . k k . k k . k k . k k . k k . k k . k k . k
k this study, (91 patients ÷ 106 sample size) × 100% = 0.858 × 100% = 85.8% = 86%. The
. k k . k k. k.k k .k k.k k.k k .k k .k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k
final answer is rounded to the nearest whole percent as directed in the question.
k.k k. k . k k . k k . k k . k k . k k . k k . k k . k k . k k . k k . k k . k
kYou could havealso subtracted the 14% of patients treated with antidepressants from 100% and
. k k . k k . k k. k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k
obtained the 86% who were not treated with an antidepressant.
k.k k.k k .k k .k k .k k .k k .k k .k k .k k .k
9. What was the purpose of the 6-minute walk test (6MWT)? Would the 6MWT be useful in
k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k .k k.k k .k k.k k.k k .k k.k k.k k.k
clinical practice?
k.k k.k
Answer: Ha et al. (2018) stated, “The 6-min walk test (6MWT) is a measure of the submaximal, k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k
steady-state functional capacity” of cardiac patients. This test would be a quick, easy way to
k. k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k
determine a cardiac patient’s functional status in a clinical setting. This functional status score
k.k k.k k .k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k .k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.
kcould be used to determine the treatment plan to promote or maintain functional
. k k . k k . k k . k k . k k . k k . k k . k k . k k . k k . k k . k k . k
kstatusof cardiac patients.
. k k. k.k k.k
, Answer Guidelines for Questions to Be Graded AG 1-3 k . k k . k k . k k . k k . k k . k k.k
10. Howwas exercise confidence measured in this study? What was the level of measurementfor
k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k .
k
the exercise confidence variable in this study? Provide a rationale for your answer. Answer:
k.k k .k k .k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k .k
Exercise confidence of the patients with heart failure (HF) in this study was measuredwith the
k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k. k.k
Exercise Confidence Scale that included four subscales focused on walking, climbing,lifting
k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.
objects of graded weight, and running (see the study narrative). This was a rating scalewith
k .k k .k k .k k .k k .k k .k k.k k .k k .k k .k k .k k .k k .k k .k k .k k.
values ranging from 0 to 100.Thepatients’ scores for theTotal Exercise Confidence scaleand the
k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k. k . k
subscales were considered interval-level data and analyzed with parametric statistics, such as
k . k k . k k . k k . k k . k k . k k . k k . k k . k k . k k. k.k
means and SDs(see the study narrative; Waltz et al., 2017).
k.k k.k k.k .
k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k
StatisticsforNursing k. k k. k
k. k ResearchA Workbook k.k k.k
forEvidence-Based
k. k. k
k. k Practice 3rdEdition
k. k k.k
k. k SusanGroveDaisha
k.k k.k
, Answer Guidelines for Questions to Be Graded k.k k. k.k k.k k.k k.k
EXERC ISE
Identifying Levels .
k
1
k . k
k . k ofMeasurement: Nominal, k. k. k
Ordinal, Interval, and k. k k . k k . k
Ratio k . k
Thequestionsareinboldfollowedbyanswers.
k. k. k. k. k. k. k.
1. In Table 1, identify the level of measurement for the current therapy variable. Provide a
k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k
rationale for your answer.
k.k k.k k.k k.k
Answer: The current therapy variable was measured at the nominal level. These drug categories k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k
were probably developed to be exhaustive for this study and included the categories of drugs the
k. k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k
subjects were receiving. However, the categories are not exclusive, since patients are usually on more
k. k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k
than one category of these drugs to manage their health problems. The current therapies are not
k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.
measured at the ordinal level because they cannot be rank ordered, since no drug category can be
k. k. k. k. k. k. k. k. k. k. k. k. k. k. k. k.k k.k
considered more or less beneficial than another drug category (see Figure 1-1; Grove & Gray,
k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k. k k.k
2019).
k.k
2. What is the mode for the current therapy variable in this study? Provide a rationale
k . k k . k k . k k . k k . k k . k k . k k . k k . k k . k k . k k . k k . k k . k
foryour answer.
k . k .
k k.k
Answer: The mode for current therapy was βblocker. A total of 100 (94%) of the cardiac patients k .k k .k k .k k .k k .k k .k k .k .
k k .k k .k k .k k .k k .k k .k k .k k .k k .k
were receiving this category of drug, which was the most common prescribed
k . k k . k k . k k . k k . k k . k k . k k . k k . k k . k k . k
kdrug for thissample.
. k k . k k . k k.
3. What statistics were conducted to describe the BMI of the cardiac patients in this sample?
k .k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k .k k.k k.k k .k k.k k .k
Discuss whether these analysis techniques were appropriate or inappropriate.
.
k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k
Answer: BMI was described with a mean and standard deviation (SD). BMI measurement resulted k .k k .k k . k k .k k .k k .k k .k k .k k .k k .k k .k k .k k .k
in ratio-level data with continuous values and an absolute zero (Stone & Frazier, 2017). Ratio-
k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k
level data should be analyzed with parametric statistics such as the mean and SD (Grove & Gray, 2017;
k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k .
k k.k k.k k.
Knapp, 2017).
k.k k.k
4. Researchers used thefollowingitem tomeasureregistered nurses’ (RNs)incomeinastudy:What k.k k.k k. k. k.k k. k.k k.k k.k k. k.k k.k k. k.
category identifies your current income as an RN?
k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k
a. Lessthan$50,000
k . k k. k.
b. $50,000to59,999
k . k k. k.
c. $60,000to69,999
k . k k. k.
d. $70,000to 80,000
k . k k. k.k
e. $80,000orgreater
k . k k. k.
What level of measurement is this income variable? Does the income variable follow
k . k k . k k . k k . k k . k k . k k . k k . k k . k k . k k . k k . k
the rules outlined in Figure 1-1? Provide a rationale for your answer.
k . k k. k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k
Answer: In this example, the income variable is measured at the ordinal level. The income catego- k .k k .k k .k k .k k .k k .k k .k k .k k .k k .k k .k k .k k .k k .k k .k
ries areexhaustive, ranging from less than $50,000 to greater than $80,000. Thetwoopen-ended
k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k. k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.
AG 1-1 k.k
,AG 1-2 k.k Answer Guidelines for Questions to Be Graded k . k k . k k . k k . k k . k k . k
categoriesensurethatallsalarylevelsarecovered.Thecategoriesarenotexclusive,sincecatego-ries (d) k. k. k. k. k. k. k. k. k. k. k. k. k. k. k. k.k
and (e) include an $80,000 salary, so study participants making $80,000 might mark either (d) or
k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k . k k . k
(e) or both categories, resulting in erroneous data. Category (e) could be changed to greater
k . k k . k k . k k . k k . k k . k k . k k . k k . k k . k k . k k . k k . k k. k.k
than $80,000, making the categories exclusive. The categories can be rank ordered from the lowest
k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k .k k.k k.k
salary to the highest salary, which is consistent with ordinal data (Grove & Gray, 2019; Waltz et al.,
k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k
2017).
k.k
5. WhatlevelofmeasurementistheCDSscore?Providearationaleforyouranswer.
.k
k .k
k .k
k .k
k .
k .k
k .
k .
k .k
k .k
k .
k .
k .
k
Answer: The CDS score is at the interval level of measurement. The CDS is a 26-item Likert scale k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k
developed to measure depression in cardiac patients. Study participants rated their symp- toms on a
k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k .k k.k k.k
scale of 1 to 7, with higher numbers indicating increased severity in the depression symptoms. The
k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k .k k.k
total scores for each subject obtained from this multi-item scale are considered to be at the interval
k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k
level of measurement (Gray et al., 2017; Waltz et al., 2017).
k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k
6. Were nonparametric or parametric analysis techniques used to analyze the CDS scores for the
k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k .
k
cardiac patients in this study? Provide a rationale for your answer.
k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k
Answer: Parametric statistics, such as mean and SD, were conducted to describe k.k k .k k.k k.k k . k k . k k . k k . k k . k k . k k . k
k CDS scores for study participants (see Table 1). CDS scores are interval-level data as indicated in
. k k . k k. k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k
Questions 5, so parametric statistics are appropriate for this level of data (Gray et al., 2017; Kim &
k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k
Mallory, 2017).
k.k k.k
7. Is the prevalence of depression linked to the NYHA class? Discuss the clinical importance of
k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k .k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k .k
this result.
k.k k.k
Answer: The study narrative indicated that the prevalence of depression increased with the greater k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k
NYHA class. In NYHA class III, 64% of the subjects were depressed, whereas 11% of the subjects were
k. k. k. k. k. k. k. k. k. k. k. k. k. k. k. k. k. k.k
depressed in NYHA class I. Thus, as the NYHA class increased, the number of sub- jects with
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depression increased. This is an expected finding because as the NYHA class increases, cardiac
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patients have more severe physical symptoms, which usually result in emotional distress, such as
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depression. Nurses need to actively assess cardiac patients for depression, especially those in
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higher NYHA classes, so they might be diagnosed and treated as needed.
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8. What frequency and percent of cardiac patients in this study were not being treated with an
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antidepressant? Show your calculations and round your answer to the nearest whole percent
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(%).
k.k
Answer: A total of 106 cardiac patients participated in this study. The sample included 15 k.k k .k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k
patients who were receiving an antidepressant (see Table 1). The number of cardiac patients not
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ktreated for depression was 91 (106 – 15 = 91). The group percent is calculated by
. k k . k k . k k . k k . k k . k k . k k . k k . k k.k k . k k . k k . k k . k k . k k.
k the following formula: (group frequency ÷ total sample size) × 100%. For
. k k . k k . k k . k k . k k . k k . k k . k k . k k . k k . k k . k
k this study, (91 patients ÷ 106 sample size) × 100% = 0.858 × 100% = 85.8% = 86%. The
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final answer is rounded to the nearest whole percent as directed in the question.
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kYou could havealso subtracted the 14% of patients treated with antidepressants from 100% and
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obtained the 86% who were not treated with an antidepressant.
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9. What was the purpose of the 6-minute walk test (6MWT)? Would the 6MWT be useful in
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clinical practice?
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Answer: Ha et al. (2018) stated, “The 6-min walk test (6MWT) is a measure of the submaximal, k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k k.k
steady-state functional capacity” of cardiac patients. This test would be a quick, easy way to
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determine a cardiac patient’s functional status in a clinical setting. This functional status score
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kcould be used to determine the treatment plan to promote or maintain functional
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kstatusof cardiac patients.
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, Answer Guidelines for Questions to Be Graded AG 1-3 k . k k . k k . k k . k k . k k . k k.k
10. Howwas exercise confidence measured in this study? What was the level of measurementfor
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k
the exercise confidence variable in this study? Provide a rationale for your answer. Answer:
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Exercise confidence of the patients with heart failure (HF) in this study was measuredwith the
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Exercise Confidence Scale that included four subscales focused on walking, climbing,lifting
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objects of graded weight, and running (see the study narrative). This was a rating scalewith
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values ranging from 0 to 100.Thepatients’ scores for theTotal Exercise Confidence scaleand the
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subscales were considered interval-level data and analyzed with parametric statistics, such as
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means and SDs(see the study narrative; Waltz et al., 2017).
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