GEOGRAPHY A LEVEL EDEXCEL PAPER 2 VERIFIED
ACCURATE SOLUTIONS 2025/2026
Globalisation |- |ANS-The |growing |interdependence |of |countries, |people |and |cultures |worldwide |
through |increasing |connections |including |trade |in |goods |and |services |and |flows |of |capital, |technology |
and |ideas/
Shrinking |world |- |ANS-Although |physical |distances |around |the |world |are |unchanged, |technology |has |
massively |reduced |the |time |it |takes |to |trade, |travel, |and |communicate |globally.
Transport |developments |for |globalisation |- |ANS-- |Railways
- |Aircraft
- |Containerisation
ICT |developments |for |globalisation |- |ANS-- |Mobile |phones/telephones
- |The |internet
- |GIS/GPS
- |Broadband/fibre |optics
Political |and |economic |organisations |- |ANS-1. |World |bank
2. |International |monetary |fund |(IMF)
3. |World |Trade |Organisation |(WTO)
Why |were |political |and |economic |organisations |needed |post |WW2? |- |ANS-Following |the |second-
world-war, |the |economically |weak |western |nations |wanted |to |prevent |the |spread |of |communism |
,from |the |east, |which |they |saw |as |a |threat. |These |organisations |were |established |for |economic |
development, |and |to |control |and |oversee |international |agreements.
Trade |restrictions |- |ANS-- |Tariffs
- |Quotas
- |Embargo
- |Subsidies
Tariffs |- |ANS-A |tax |placed |on |goods |that |are |imported |from |other |countries
Quotas |- |ANS-A |limit |placed |on |the |number |of |goods |that |are |imported |from |other |countries
Embargo |- |ANS-A |ban |placed |on |certain |goods |imported |from |other |countries
Subsidies |- |ANS-A |sum |of |money |granted |by |the |government |to |help |an |industry |or |business |keep |the
|price |of |goods |low
WTO |goal |- |ANS-The |WTO |wants |to |eradicate |barriers |to |trade
Free |Trade |- |ANS-Trade |without |any |restrictions
Free |Trade |process |- |ANS-1. |Governments |take |away |barriers |that |make |trade |more |difficult |and |
costly.
2. |As |coasts |are |reduced, |TNCs |will |see |a |profit |and |want |to |invest |in |nations.
3. |TNCs |will |bring |new |ideas, |products, |cultures, |etc. |to |a |nation
4. |Also |the |TNC |will |generate |wealth.
5. |Their |wealth |and |development |will |increase |standard |of |life |and |demand |for |foreign |products.
6. |As |an |economy |has |more |TNCs, |they |become |more |interconnected |and |interdependent |for |each |
other.
,Trading |Blocs |- |ANS-Countries |which |group |together |to |improve |their |economic |interest |and |trading |
patterns. |They |often |do |this |by |placing |barriers |to |trade |with |countries |outside |the |group.
NAFTA |- |ANS-North |American |Free |Trade |Agreement
- |USA, |Mexico, |Canada
- |Population |= |472m
- |Combined |GDP |(PPP) |= |$20.2 |tn
EU |- |ANS-European |Union
- |Population |= |508m
= |GDP |(PPP) |$19 |tn
MERCOSAR |- |ANS-Southern |Common |Market
- |Six |full |members
- |Population |= |289m
- |GDP |(PPP) |$4 |tn
- |South |America
OPEC |- |ANS-Organisation |of |petroleum |exporting |countries
- |A |group |of |12 |major |oil |producing |countries
- |African, |South |American, |and |Middle |Eastern |members
- |Control |around |2/3 |of |global |oil |reserves
- |They |can |make |sure |they |get |a |fair |price |from |oil |consuming |countries
ASEAN |- |ANS-Association |of |South |East |Asian |Nations
- |10 |countries |formed |in |1967
- |Combined |population |of |625 |million
- |Combined |GDP |(PPP) |= |$3.6 |tn
- |Seventh |largest |economy |in |the |world
, Social |positives |of |trading |groups |- |ANS-- |Withing |social |and |political |unions |people |are |often |free |to |
live |and |work |in |the |country |of |their |choice |within |the |union.
- |Living |standards |go |up |as |trade |prospers
Social |negatives |of |trading |groups |- |ANS-- |With |relaxed |borders |it |is |easier |for |illegal |immigrants |to |
move |around |within |the |bloc
- |Legislation |can |limit |workers |as |well |as |protect |them
Economic |positives |of |trading |groups |- |ANS-- |Trade |blocs |protect |the |are'as |economy |from |
competition
- |Free |trade |within |the |bloc
- |Market |access |and |trade |creation
- |Economies |of |scale
- |Jobs |may |be |created |as |a |consequence |of |increased |trade |between |member |economies
- |Firms |inside |the |bloc |are |protected |from |cheaper |imports |from |outside.
- |Inefficient |producers |within |the |bloc |can |be |protected |from |more |efficient |ones |outside |the |bloc.
- |Being |within |a |trading |bloc |encourages |FOREIGN |DIRECT |INVESTMENT |from |TNCs
- |Trading |blocs |can |help |companies |grow
Economic |negatives |of |trading |groups |- |ANS-- |The |benefits |of |global |free |trade |can |be |lost |as |
countries |concentrate |trade |withing |their |trade |area |or |bloc
- |Trade |blocs |cost |money
Environmental |positive |of |trading |groups |- |ANS-Social |and |economic |unions |can |set |high |
environmental |standards
Environmental |negative |of |trading |groups |- |ANS-Trading |blocs |increase |food |miles |as |the |cheapest |
product |within |the |bloc |will |be |the |most |traded.
ACCURATE SOLUTIONS 2025/2026
Globalisation |- |ANS-The |growing |interdependence |of |countries, |people |and |cultures |worldwide |
through |increasing |connections |including |trade |in |goods |and |services |and |flows |of |capital, |technology |
and |ideas/
Shrinking |world |- |ANS-Although |physical |distances |around |the |world |are |unchanged, |technology |has |
massively |reduced |the |time |it |takes |to |trade, |travel, |and |communicate |globally.
Transport |developments |for |globalisation |- |ANS-- |Railways
- |Aircraft
- |Containerisation
ICT |developments |for |globalisation |- |ANS-- |Mobile |phones/telephones
- |The |internet
- |GIS/GPS
- |Broadband/fibre |optics
Political |and |economic |organisations |- |ANS-1. |World |bank
2. |International |monetary |fund |(IMF)
3. |World |Trade |Organisation |(WTO)
Why |were |political |and |economic |organisations |needed |post |WW2? |- |ANS-Following |the |second-
world-war, |the |economically |weak |western |nations |wanted |to |prevent |the |spread |of |communism |
,from |the |east, |which |they |saw |as |a |threat. |These |organisations |were |established |for |economic |
development, |and |to |control |and |oversee |international |agreements.
Trade |restrictions |- |ANS-- |Tariffs
- |Quotas
- |Embargo
- |Subsidies
Tariffs |- |ANS-A |tax |placed |on |goods |that |are |imported |from |other |countries
Quotas |- |ANS-A |limit |placed |on |the |number |of |goods |that |are |imported |from |other |countries
Embargo |- |ANS-A |ban |placed |on |certain |goods |imported |from |other |countries
Subsidies |- |ANS-A |sum |of |money |granted |by |the |government |to |help |an |industry |or |business |keep |the
|price |of |goods |low
WTO |goal |- |ANS-The |WTO |wants |to |eradicate |barriers |to |trade
Free |Trade |- |ANS-Trade |without |any |restrictions
Free |Trade |process |- |ANS-1. |Governments |take |away |barriers |that |make |trade |more |difficult |and |
costly.
2. |As |coasts |are |reduced, |TNCs |will |see |a |profit |and |want |to |invest |in |nations.
3. |TNCs |will |bring |new |ideas, |products, |cultures, |etc. |to |a |nation
4. |Also |the |TNC |will |generate |wealth.
5. |Their |wealth |and |development |will |increase |standard |of |life |and |demand |for |foreign |products.
6. |As |an |economy |has |more |TNCs, |they |become |more |interconnected |and |interdependent |for |each |
other.
,Trading |Blocs |- |ANS-Countries |which |group |together |to |improve |their |economic |interest |and |trading |
patterns. |They |often |do |this |by |placing |barriers |to |trade |with |countries |outside |the |group.
NAFTA |- |ANS-North |American |Free |Trade |Agreement
- |USA, |Mexico, |Canada
- |Population |= |472m
- |Combined |GDP |(PPP) |= |$20.2 |tn
EU |- |ANS-European |Union
- |Population |= |508m
= |GDP |(PPP) |$19 |tn
MERCOSAR |- |ANS-Southern |Common |Market
- |Six |full |members
- |Population |= |289m
- |GDP |(PPP) |$4 |tn
- |South |America
OPEC |- |ANS-Organisation |of |petroleum |exporting |countries
- |A |group |of |12 |major |oil |producing |countries
- |African, |South |American, |and |Middle |Eastern |members
- |Control |around |2/3 |of |global |oil |reserves
- |They |can |make |sure |they |get |a |fair |price |from |oil |consuming |countries
ASEAN |- |ANS-Association |of |South |East |Asian |Nations
- |10 |countries |formed |in |1967
- |Combined |population |of |625 |million
- |Combined |GDP |(PPP) |= |$3.6 |tn
- |Seventh |largest |economy |in |the |world
, Social |positives |of |trading |groups |- |ANS-- |Withing |social |and |political |unions |people |are |often |free |to |
live |and |work |in |the |country |of |their |choice |within |the |union.
- |Living |standards |go |up |as |trade |prospers
Social |negatives |of |trading |groups |- |ANS-- |With |relaxed |borders |it |is |easier |for |illegal |immigrants |to |
move |around |within |the |bloc
- |Legislation |can |limit |workers |as |well |as |protect |them
Economic |positives |of |trading |groups |- |ANS-- |Trade |blocs |protect |the |are'as |economy |from |
competition
- |Free |trade |within |the |bloc
- |Market |access |and |trade |creation
- |Economies |of |scale
- |Jobs |may |be |created |as |a |consequence |of |increased |trade |between |member |economies
- |Firms |inside |the |bloc |are |protected |from |cheaper |imports |from |outside.
- |Inefficient |producers |within |the |bloc |can |be |protected |from |more |efficient |ones |outside |the |bloc.
- |Being |within |a |trading |bloc |encourages |FOREIGN |DIRECT |INVESTMENT |from |TNCs
- |Trading |blocs |can |help |companies |grow
Economic |negatives |of |trading |groups |- |ANS-- |The |benefits |of |global |free |trade |can |be |lost |as |
countries |concentrate |trade |withing |their |trade |area |or |bloc
- |Trade |blocs |cost |money
Environmental |positive |of |trading |groups |- |ANS-Social |and |economic |unions |can |set |high |
environmental |standards
Environmental |negative |of |trading |groups |- |ANS-Trading |blocs |increase |food |miles |as |the |cheapest |
product |within |the |bloc |will |be |the |most |traded.
