History and Approaches ● Confound: error/ flaw in study ▪ Median: Middle # (use in skewed
(2-4%) ● Random Assignment: assigns
distribution)
▪ Mode: occurs most often
● Psychology is derived from physiology participants to either control or
(biology) and philosophy experimental group at random – ● INFERENTIAL STATISTICS:
● EARLY APPROACHES minimizes bias, increase chance of equal establishes significance (meaningfulness)
o Structuralism – used INTROSPECTION representation Significant results = NOT due to chance
(act of looking inward to examine ● Random Sample: method for choosing ● ETHICAL GUIDELINES (APA)
mental experience) to determine the participants – minimizes bias o Confidentiality
underlying STRUCTURES of the mind ● Validity: accurate results o Informed Consent
o Functionalism – need to analyze the ● Reliability: same results every time o Debriefing
PURPOSE of behavior ● NATURALISTIC OBSERVATION: o Deception must be warranted
● APPROACHES KEY WORDS Adv: real world validity (observe people
Biological Basis
o Evolutionary – Genes
o Humanistic – free will, choice, ideal,
in their own setting) Disadv: No cause
and effect (8-10%)
actualization ● CORRELATION: Adv: identify ● NEURON: Basic cell of the NS
o Biological – Brain, NTs relationship between two variables o Dendrites: Receive incoming signal
o Cognitive – Perceptions, thoughts Disadv: No cause and effect o Soma: Cell body (includes nucleus)
o Behavioral – learned, reinforced (CORRELATION DOES NOT EQUAL o Axon: AP travels down this
o Psychoanalytic/dynamic – unconscious, CAUSATION) o Myelin Sheath: speeds up signal
childhood o Positive Correlation – Variables vary down axon
o Sociocultural – society in the same direction o Terminals: release NTs – send signal
o Biopsychosocial – combo of above o Negative Correlation – variables vary
● PEOPLE: in opposite directions
o Mary Calkins: First Fem. Pres. of APA o The stronger the # the stronger the
o Charles Darwin: Natural selection & relationship REGARDLESS of the
evolution pos/neg sign
o Dorothea Dix: Reformed mental ● CASE STUDY: Adv. Studies ONE
institutions in U.S. person (usually) in great detail – lots of
o Stanley Hall: 1st pres. of APA1st journal info Disadv: No cause and effect
o William James: Father of American ● DESCRIPTIVE STATS:shape of the data
Psychology – functionalist o Measures of Central Tendency:
o Wilhem Wundt: Father of Modern ▪ Mean: Average (use in normal onto next neuron
Psychology – structuralist distribution) o Synapse: gap b/w neurons
o Margaret Floy Washburn–1st fem. PhD ● Action Potential: movement of sodium
o Christine Ladd Franklin – 1st fem. and potassium ions across a membrane
Research Methods sends an electrical charge down the axon
(8-10%) o All or none law: stimulus must trigger
the AP past its threshold, but does not
● EXPERIMENT : Adv: researcher increase the intensity of the response
controls variables to establish cause and (flush the toilet)
effect Disadv: difficult to generalize o Refractory period: neuron must rest
o Independent Variable: manipulated by and reset before it can send another
the researcher AP (toilet resets)
▪ Experimental Group: received the
treatment (part of the IV) ● Sensory neurons – receive signals
▪ Control Group: placebo, baseline ● Afferent neurons – Accept signals
(part of the IV)
▪ Placebo Effect: show behaviors ● Motor neurons – send signals
associated with the exp. group ● Efferent neurons – signal Exits
when having received placebo
● CENTRAL NS: Brain and spinal cord
▪ Double-Blind: Exp. where neither
● PERIPHERAL NS: Rest of the NS
the participant or the experimenter
o Somatic NS: Voluntary movement
are aware of which condition
o Autonomic NS: Involuntary (heart,
people are assigned to
lungs, etc)
o Dependent Variable: measured
▪ Sympathetic NS: Arouses the body
variable (is DEPENDENT on the
for fight/flight (generally activates)
independent variable)
▪ Parasympathetic NS: established
● Operational Definition: clear, precise,
homeostasis after a sympathetic
typically quantifiable definition of your
response (generally inhibits)
variables – allows replication
, ● NEUROTRANSMITTERS (NTS): ▪ Lateralization: the brain has some ● Cocktail party effect: notice your name
Chemicals released in synaptic gap, specialized features – language is across the room when its spoken, when
received by neurons processed in the L Hemisphere you weren’t previously paying attention
o GABA: Major inhibitory NT ▪ Split-brain experiments: done by ● VISUAL SYSTEM:
o GlutamatE: Major Excitatory NT Sperry & Gazzanaga. o Pathway of vision: light → cornea
o Dopamine: Reward & movement ▪ Images →pupil/iris → lens → retina →
o Serotonin: Moods and emotion shown to the rods/cones → bipolar cells → ganglion
o Acetylcholine (ACh): Memory right hemisphere cells → optic nerve → optic chiasm →
o Epinephrine & Norepinephrine: will be processed occipital lobe
sympathetic NS arousal in the left (& vice o Cornea – protects the eye
o Endorphins: pain control, happiness versa), patient o Pupil/iris – controls amount of light
o Oxytocin: love and bonding can verbally entering eye
● Agonist: drug that mimics a NT identify what o Lens – focuses light on retina
● Antagonist: drug that blocks a NT they saw o Fovea–area of best vision(cones here)
● Reuptake: Unused NTs are taken back up ● BRAIN PLASTICITY: Brain can “heal” o Rods – black/white, dim light
into the sending neuron. SSRIs (selective itself o Cones – color, bright light
serotonin reuptake inhibitors) block ● NATURE VS. NURTURE: ANSWER o Bipolar cells – connect rods/cones and
reuptake – treatment for depression IS BOTH ganglion cells
● AREAS OF THE BRAIN: o Twin Studies: o Ganglion cells – opponent-processing
● Hindbrain: oldest part of the brain ▪ Identical twins – Monozygotic (MZ) occurs here
o Cerebellum – movement (what does it ▪ Fraternal twins – Dizygotics (DZ) o Blind spot – occurs where the optic
take to ring a bell) o Genetics: MZ twins will have a higher nerve leaves the eye
o Medulla – vital organs (HR, BP) percentage of also developing a disease o Feature detectors – specialized cells
o Pons – sleep/arousal (Ponzzzzzz) o Environment: MZ twins raised in that see motion, shapes, lines, etc.
● Midbrain different environments show differences (experiments by Hubel & Weisel)
o Reticular formation: attention (if you ● ENDOCRINE SYSTEM: sends ● THEORIES OF COLOR VISION:
can’t pay attention, You R F’d) hormones throughout the body o Trichromatic – three cones for
● Forebrain: higher thought processes o Pituitary Gland: Controlled by receiving color (blue, red, green)
o Limbic System hypothalamus. release growth hormones ▪ Explains color blindness - they are
▪ Amygdala: emotions, fear (Amy, da! o Adrenal Glands: related to sympathetic missing a cone type
You’re so emotional!) NS: releases adrenaline o Opponent Process – complementary
▪ Hippocampus: memory (if you saw a Sensation & Perception colors are processed in ganglion cells –
hippo on campus you’d remember it!)
o Thalamus: relay center (6 – 8%) explains why we see an after image
● Visual Capture: Visual system
o Hypothalamus: Reward/pleasure center, ● ABSOLUTE THRESHOLD: detection of overwhelms all others (nauseous in an
eating behaviors signal 50% of time (is it there) IMAX theater – vision trumps vestibular)
o Broca’s Area: Inability to produce ● DIFFERENCE THRESHOLD (also ● Constancies: recognize that objects do
speech (Broca – Broken speech) called a just noticeable difference (JND) not physically change despite changes in
o Wernicke’s Area: Inability to and follows WEBER’S LAW: two stimuli sensory input (size, shape, brightness)
comprehend speech (Wernicke’s what?) must differ by a constant minimum ● Phi Phenomenon: adjacent lights blink
o Cerebral Cortex: outer portion of the proportion. (Can you tell a change?) on/off in succession – looks like
brain – higher order thought processes movement (traffic signs with arrows)
▪ Occipital Lobe: located in the back of ● Stroboscopic movement: motion
the head - vision produced by a rapid succession of slightly
▪ Frontal Lobe: decision making, varying images (animations)
planning, judgment, movement, ● MONOCULAR CUES (how we form a
personality 3D image from a 2D image)
▪ Parietal Lobe: located on the top of the o Interposition: overlapping images appear
head - sensations closer
▪ Temporal Lobe: located on the sides of o Relative Size: 2 objects that are usually
the head (temples) – hearing and face ● SIGNAL DETECTION THEORY similar in size, the smaller one is further
recognition ● Sensory Adaptation: diminished away
▪ Somatosensory Cortex: map of our sensitivity as a result of constant o Relative Clarity: hazy objects appear
sensory receptors –in parietal lobe stimulation (can you feel your further away
▪ Motor Cortex: map of our motor underwear?) o Texture Gradient: coarser objects are
receptors – located in frontal lobe ● Perceptual Set: tendency to see closer
o Corpus Callosum: bundle of nerves that something as part of a group – speeds up o Relative Height: things higher in our
connects the 2 hemispheres – sometimes signal processing field of vision look further away
severed in patients with severe seizures – ● Inattentional Blindness: failure to notice o Linear Perspective: parallel lines
leads to “split-brain patients” something b/c you’re so focused on converge with distance (think railroad
another task (gorilla video) tracks)
(2-4%) ● Random Assignment: assigns
distribution)
▪ Mode: occurs most often
● Psychology is derived from physiology participants to either control or
(biology) and philosophy experimental group at random – ● INFERENTIAL STATISTICS:
● EARLY APPROACHES minimizes bias, increase chance of equal establishes significance (meaningfulness)
o Structuralism – used INTROSPECTION representation Significant results = NOT due to chance
(act of looking inward to examine ● Random Sample: method for choosing ● ETHICAL GUIDELINES (APA)
mental experience) to determine the participants – minimizes bias o Confidentiality
underlying STRUCTURES of the mind ● Validity: accurate results o Informed Consent
o Functionalism – need to analyze the ● Reliability: same results every time o Debriefing
PURPOSE of behavior ● NATURALISTIC OBSERVATION: o Deception must be warranted
● APPROACHES KEY WORDS Adv: real world validity (observe people
Biological Basis
o Evolutionary – Genes
o Humanistic – free will, choice, ideal,
in their own setting) Disadv: No cause
and effect (8-10%)
actualization ● CORRELATION: Adv: identify ● NEURON: Basic cell of the NS
o Biological – Brain, NTs relationship between two variables o Dendrites: Receive incoming signal
o Cognitive – Perceptions, thoughts Disadv: No cause and effect o Soma: Cell body (includes nucleus)
o Behavioral – learned, reinforced (CORRELATION DOES NOT EQUAL o Axon: AP travels down this
o Psychoanalytic/dynamic – unconscious, CAUSATION) o Myelin Sheath: speeds up signal
childhood o Positive Correlation – Variables vary down axon
o Sociocultural – society in the same direction o Terminals: release NTs – send signal
o Biopsychosocial – combo of above o Negative Correlation – variables vary
● PEOPLE: in opposite directions
o Mary Calkins: First Fem. Pres. of APA o The stronger the # the stronger the
o Charles Darwin: Natural selection & relationship REGARDLESS of the
evolution pos/neg sign
o Dorothea Dix: Reformed mental ● CASE STUDY: Adv. Studies ONE
institutions in U.S. person (usually) in great detail – lots of
o Stanley Hall: 1st pres. of APA1st journal info Disadv: No cause and effect
o William James: Father of American ● DESCRIPTIVE STATS:shape of the data
Psychology – functionalist o Measures of Central Tendency:
o Wilhem Wundt: Father of Modern ▪ Mean: Average (use in normal onto next neuron
Psychology – structuralist distribution) o Synapse: gap b/w neurons
o Margaret Floy Washburn–1st fem. PhD ● Action Potential: movement of sodium
o Christine Ladd Franklin – 1st fem. and potassium ions across a membrane
Research Methods sends an electrical charge down the axon
(8-10%) o All or none law: stimulus must trigger
the AP past its threshold, but does not
● EXPERIMENT : Adv: researcher increase the intensity of the response
controls variables to establish cause and (flush the toilet)
effect Disadv: difficult to generalize o Refractory period: neuron must rest
o Independent Variable: manipulated by and reset before it can send another
the researcher AP (toilet resets)
▪ Experimental Group: received the
treatment (part of the IV) ● Sensory neurons – receive signals
▪ Control Group: placebo, baseline ● Afferent neurons – Accept signals
(part of the IV)
▪ Placebo Effect: show behaviors ● Motor neurons – send signals
associated with the exp. group ● Efferent neurons – signal Exits
when having received placebo
● CENTRAL NS: Brain and spinal cord
▪ Double-Blind: Exp. where neither
● PERIPHERAL NS: Rest of the NS
the participant or the experimenter
o Somatic NS: Voluntary movement
are aware of which condition
o Autonomic NS: Involuntary (heart,
people are assigned to
lungs, etc)
o Dependent Variable: measured
▪ Sympathetic NS: Arouses the body
variable (is DEPENDENT on the
for fight/flight (generally activates)
independent variable)
▪ Parasympathetic NS: established
● Operational Definition: clear, precise,
homeostasis after a sympathetic
typically quantifiable definition of your
response (generally inhibits)
variables – allows replication
, ● NEUROTRANSMITTERS (NTS): ▪ Lateralization: the brain has some ● Cocktail party effect: notice your name
Chemicals released in synaptic gap, specialized features – language is across the room when its spoken, when
received by neurons processed in the L Hemisphere you weren’t previously paying attention
o GABA: Major inhibitory NT ▪ Split-brain experiments: done by ● VISUAL SYSTEM:
o GlutamatE: Major Excitatory NT Sperry & Gazzanaga. o Pathway of vision: light → cornea
o Dopamine: Reward & movement ▪ Images →pupil/iris → lens → retina →
o Serotonin: Moods and emotion shown to the rods/cones → bipolar cells → ganglion
o Acetylcholine (ACh): Memory right hemisphere cells → optic nerve → optic chiasm →
o Epinephrine & Norepinephrine: will be processed occipital lobe
sympathetic NS arousal in the left (& vice o Cornea – protects the eye
o Endorphins: pain control, happiness versa), patient o Pupil/iris – controls amount of light
o Oxytocin: love and bonding can verbally entering eye
● Agonist: drug that mimics a NT identify what o Lens – focuses light on retina
● Antagonist: drug that blocks a NT they saw o Fovea–area of best vision(cones here)
● Reuptake: Unused NTs are taken back up ● BRAIN PLASTICITY: Brain can “heal” o Rods – black/white, dim light
into the sending neuron. SSRIs (selective itself o Cones – color, bright light
serotonin reuptake inhibitors) block ● NATURE VS. NURTURE: ANSWER o Bipolar cells – connect rods/cones and
reuptake – treatment for depression IS BOTH ganglion cells
● AREAS OF THE BRAIN: o Twin Studies: o Ganglion cells – opponent-processing
● Hindbrain: oldest part of the brain ▪ Identical twins – Monozygotic (MZ) occurs here
o Cerebellum – movement (what does it ▪ Fraternal twins – Dizygotics (DZ) o Blind spot – occurs where the optic
take to ring a bell) o Genetics: MZ twins will have a higher nerve leaves the eye
o Medulla – vital organs (HR, BP) percentage of also developing a disease o Feature detectors – specialized cells
o Pons – sleep/arousal (Ponzzzzzz) o Environment: MZ twins raised in that see motion, shapes, lines, etc.
● Midbrain different environments show differences (experiments by Hubel & Weisel)
o Reticular formation: attention (if you ● ENDOCRINE SYSTEM: sends ● THEORIES OF COLOR VISION:
can’t pay attention, You R F’d) hormones throughout the body o Trichromatic – three cones for
● Forebrain: higher thought processes o Pituitary Gland: Controlled by receiving color (blue, red, green)
o Limbic System hypothalamus. release growth hormones ▪ Explains color blindness - they are
▪ Amygdala: emotions, fear (Amy, da! o Adrenal Glands: related to sympathetic missing a cone type
You’re so emotional!) NS: releases adrenaline o Opponent Process – complementary
▪ Hippocampus: memory (if you saw a Sensation & Perception colors are processed in ganglion cells –
hippo on campus you’d remember it!)
o Thalamus: relay center (6 – 8%) explains why we see an after image
● Visual Capture: Visual system
o Hypothalamus: Reward/pleasure center, ● ABSOLUTE THRESHOLD: detection of overwhelms all others (nauseous in an
eating behaviors signal 50% of time (is it there) IMAX theater – vision trumps vestibular)
o Broca’s Area: Inability to produce ● DIFFERENCE THRESHOLD (also ● Constancies: recognize that objects do
speech (Broca – Broken speech) called a just noticeable difference (JND) not physically change despite changes in
o Wernicke’s Area: Inability to and follows WEBER’S LAW: two stimuli sensory input (size, shape, brightness)
comprehend speech (Wernicke’s what?) must differ by a constant minimum ● Phi Phenomenon: adjacent lights blink
o Cerebral Cortex: outer portion of the proportion. (Can you tell a change?) on/off in succession – looks like
brain – higher order thought processes movement (traffic signs with arrows)
▪ Occipital Lobe: located in the back of ● Stroboscopic movement: motion
the head - vision produced by a rapid succession of slightly
▪ Frontal Lobe: decision making, varying images (animations)
planning, judgment, movement, ● MONOCULAR CUES (how we form a
personality 3D image from a 2D image)
▪ Parietal Lobe: located on the top of the o Interposition: overlapping images appear
head - sensations closer
▪ Temporal Lobe: located on the sides of o Relative Size: 2 objects that are usually
the head (temples) – hearing and face ● SIGNAL DETECTION THEORY similar in size, the smaller one is further
recognition ● Sensory Adaptation: diminished away
▪ Somatosensory Cortex: map of our sensitivity as a result of constant o Relative Clarity: hazy objects appear
sensory receptors –in parietal lobe stimulation (can you feel your further away
▪ Motor Cortex: map of our motor underwear?) o Texture Gradient: coarser objects are
receptors – located in frontal lobe ● Perceptual Set: tendency to see closer
o Corpus Callosum: bundle of nerves that something as part of a group – speeds up o Relative Height: things higher in our
connects the 2 hemispheres – sometimes signal processing field of vision look further away
severed in patients with severe seizures – ● Inattentional Blindness: failure to notice o Linear Perspective: parallel lines
leads to “split-brain patients” something b/c you’re so focused on converge with distance (think railroad
another task (gorilla video) tracks)
