PS381 Midterm 2 2025/2026 Exam
Questions Marking Scheme New Update
| A+ Rated
Evidence-based practice - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Basing decisions on replicated
research findings wherever possible
Eminence-based practice - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Based decisions on the
opinions of a medical specialist rather than relying on a careful assessment
of relevant research evidence
Scientific Approach to Problems - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Formulating a hypothesis
(observations, previous research, theory), Testing the Hypothesis (data and
analysis), and acting on best evidence (conclusion)
3 types of Ethics in Research - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Ethical principles in
research and publication, Informed consent for research participation, and
research ethics board approval for research.
COPYRIGHT©BLAIRALISTERNEWTON 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE.
1
PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
,Research design depends on - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔State of knowledge,
Questions to be addressed, and Frequency of the phenomenon under the
study
Internal Valdity - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Extent to which interpretations from a
study can be justified and alternative explanations ruled out
Studies that test Internal Validity - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Controlled, Laboratory,
and Experimental
Internal Validity Efficacy Studies - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Look at changes in
variables such as levels of depression in study on treating depression, and
take place under carefully controlled conditions
External Validity - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Extent to which findins from a study can
be generalized
Studies that test External Validity - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Naturalistic and Real-
World
Effectiveness Studies - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔These studies are high in external
validity
COPYRIGHT©BLAIRALISTERNEWTON 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE.
2
PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
,Challenges in Research - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Balancing internal and external
validity, trying to resolve discrepancies, and opennes to unexpected results
Samples - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔small, manageable number of subjects that
represent the population (probability or nonprobability, size)
Characteristics of samples - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔age, gender, ethnicity, severity
of problem, help-seeking or not
Types of Measures - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Self-report, rating by someone who
knows the person, interviews, performance on psychological tests,
projective measures, archival data (school reports)
Psychometric Properties - Reliability - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔The tendency of a
measurement instrument to provide very similar information on repeated
occasions
Psychometric Properties - Validity - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Does the instrument
measure what it purports to measure?
Mediation Effect - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔The independent variable or predicotr
variable is associated with the mediator variable, and it is the mediator that
influences the dependent or criterion variable.
COPYRIGHT©BLAIRALISTERNEWTON 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE.
3
PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
, What happens when you remove the mediating variable - 🧠 ANSWER
✔✔The relationship between the predictor and criterion variable is greatly
reduced or may disappear.
Moderator Effect - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔An interaction whereby the effect of one
variable depends on the level of another. Influence the direction/strength
between two variables.
Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔All participatns are
assessed prior to intervention, participants are randomly assigned to a
group (treatment or none), all are assessed after intervention.
Regression Discontinuity Design - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔a quasi-experimental
method that compares groups of people on either side of a cutoff point to
determine the impact of an intervention
Regression Discontinuity Design Example - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Beck
Depression Inventory Scale-II (BDI-II); treat those with a score of 20 or
above (moderate depression) and do not treat those with a score of 19 or
below
COPYRIGHT©BLAIRALISTERNEWTON 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE.
4
PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
Questions Marking Scheme New Update
| A+ Rated
Evidence-based practice - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Basing decisions on replicated
research findings wherever possible
Eminence-based practice - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Based decisions on the
opinions of a medical specialist rather than relying on a careful assessment
of relevant research evidence
Scientific Approach to Problems - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Formulating a hypothesis
(observations, previous research, theory), Testing the Hypothesis (data and
analysis), and acting on best evidence (conclusion)
3 types of Ethics in Research - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Ethical principles in
research and publication, Informed consent for research participation, and
research ethics board approval for research.
COPYRIGHT©BLAIRALISTERNEWTON 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE.
1
PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
,Research design depends on - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔State of knowledge,
Questions to be addressed, and Frequency of the phenomenon under the
study
Internal Valdity - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Extent to which interpretations from a
study can be justified and alternative explanations ruled out
Studies that test Internal Validity - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Controlled, Laboratory,
and Experimental
Internal Validity Efficacy Studies - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Look at changes in
variables such as levels of depression in study on treating depression, and
take place under carefully controlled conditions
External Validity - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Extent to which findins from a study can
be generalized
Studies that test External Validity - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Naturalistic and Real-
World
Effectiveness Studies - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔These studies are high in external
validity
COPYRIGHT©BLAIRALISTERNEWTON 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE.
2
PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
,Challenges in Research - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Balancing internal and external
validity, trying to resolve discrepancies, and opennes to unexpected results
Samples - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔small, manageable number of subjects that
represent the population (probability or nonprobability, size)
Characteristics of samples - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔age, gender, ethnicity, severity
of problem, help-seeking or not
Types of Measures - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Self-report, rating by someone who
knows the person, interviews, performance on psychological tests,
projective measures, archival data (school reports)
Psychometric Properties - Reliability - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔The tendency of a
measurement instrument to provide very similar information on repeated
occasions
Psychometric Properties - Validity - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Does the instrument
measure what it purports to measure?
Mediation Effect - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔The independent variable or predicotr
variable is associated with the mediator variable, and it is the mediator that
influences the dependent or criterion variable.
COPYRIGHT©BLAIRALISTERNEWTON 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE.
3
PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
, What happens when you remove the mediating variable - 🧠 ANSWER
✔✔The relationship between the predictor and criterion variable is greatly
reduced or may disappear.
Moderator Effect - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔An interaction whereby the effect of one
variable depends on the level of another. Influence the direction/strength
between two variables.
Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔All participatns are
assessed prior to intervention, participants are randomly assigned to a
group (treatment or none), all are assessed after intervention.
Regression Discontinuity Design - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔a quasi-experimental
method that compares groups of people on either side of a cutoff point to
determine the impact of an intervention
Regression Discontinuity Design Example - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Beck
Depression Inventory Scale-II (BDI-II); treat those with a score of 20 or
above (moderate depression) and do not treat those with a score of 19 or
below
COPYRIGHT©BLAIRALISTERNEWTON 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE.
4
PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
